Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/C
The A-Z of Parkinson's Symptoms
C
Catalepsy (timelss, tireless, effortless maintenance of postures)
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Tireless, timeless , effortless maintenance of postures. The following references are relevant:- Azam et al (2010) Design, synthesis and anti-Parkinsonian evaluation of 3-alkyl/aryl-8-(furan-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2(3H)-thiones against neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and oxidative stress in mice.[1] Nayebi et al (2010) Buspirone improves 6-hydroxydopamine-induced catalepsy through stimulation of nigral 5-HT(1A) receptors in rats. [2] Mahmoudi et al (2011) Buspirone improves the anti-cataleptic effect of levodopa in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. [3] Further Researchedit
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Catatonia (holding of statuesque postures)
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Catatonia Holding of statuesque postures The following references are relevant:- Northoff et al (1997) Glutamatergic dysfunction in catatonia? Successful treatment of three acute akinetic catatonic patients with the NMDA antagonist amantadine. [1] Bhati et al(2007) Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Empirical Treatments for Catatonia [2] Carroll et al(2007) Katatonia - A New Conceptual Understanding of Catatonia and a New Rating Scale [3] Further Researchedit
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Chorea (involuntary, desultory flickering movement)
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Involuntary, desultory flickering movement. The following references are relevant:- Barbeau et al (1965) Fingerprint Patterns in Huntington's Chorea and Parkinson's Disease [1] Reuter et al (2000) Late onset levodopa responsive Huntington's disease with minimal chorea masquerading as Parkinson plus syndrome [2] Ciammola et al (2011) Atypical Parkinsonism Revealing a Late Onset, Rigid and Akinetic Form of Huntington's Disease [3] Further Researchedit
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Choreoathetosis (iinvoluntary, jerky, snake-like movement, udually of the arms)
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Involuntary jerky snake-like movements usually of the arms. The following references are relevant:- Teräväinen and Calne (1980) Action tremor in Parkinson’s disease [1] Bhidayasiri and Truong,(2004) Chorea and related disorders [2] Perkovic et al (2010) Sildenafil induced choreoathetosis in men with Parkinson's disease.[3] Further Researchedit
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Clonus (vibrato-like reaction to forced muscle stretching)
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Vibrato-like reaction to forced muscle stretching. The following references are relevant:- Hofmann (1962) Observations on peripheral servo mechanisms in Parkinsonian rigidity [1] Burke et al (1972) Tonic vibration reflex in spasticity, Parkinson's disease, and normal subjects [2] Findley et al (1981) Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson's disease [3] Further Researchedit
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Cognitive Impairment
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Problems with mental processes such as thinking, learning and judging See also Dementia The folllowing references are relevant. Goldman and Litvan (2011) Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease[1] Litvan et al(2011) MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI[2] Weintrub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease [3] Further Research
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Cogwheel rigidity
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Cogwheel rigidityeditStiffness in the muscles, with a jerky quality when arms and legs are repeatedly moved. The following references are relevant:- Lance et al(1963) Action tremor and the cogwheel phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease[1] Findley et al (1981) Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson’s disease [2] Ghiglione et al(2005) Cogwheel Rigidity [3] Further Researchedit
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Coma
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Deep unconsciousness with loss of awareness The following references are relevant:- Guillan(1925) A clinical study of encephalitis lethargic – based on 62 cases [1] Jang et al (2009) Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration [2] Nakamagoe et al (2009) Parkinsonism with organophosphate poisoning [3] Further Research
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Compulsive behaviour
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Out-of character uncontrollable urges, for instance gambling. The following references are relevant:- Djamshidian et al (2010) Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease [1] Djamshidian et al (2011) Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease [2] Bostwick et al (2012) Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [3] Further Research
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Constipation
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Decreased ability of intestinal muscles to move stool through the bowels Gao et al (2011) A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease [1]
Wang et al (2013) Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction. [3] Further Research
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Contractures (permanent contraction at joints))
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Permanent contraction at joints. The following references are relevant:- Ebin (1951) Surgical Treatment of Parkinsonism: Indications and Results[1] Kyriakides and Hewer (1988) Hand contractures in Parkinson's disease. [2] Shah et al (2005) Flexion contracture after total knee arthroplasty in a patient with Parkinson's disease: successful treatment with botulinum toxin type A. [3] Further Researchedit
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Coprolalia(exclamatory swearing and the use of hostile or obscene epithets0
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Exclamatory swearing and use of hostile or obscene epithets. Daniele et al (1997) Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion. [1] Shale et al (2005) Tics in a patient with Parkinson's disease†[2] Dale et al (2007) Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism. [3] Further Research
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