Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms

 This page is under development 

This page includes links to pages describing the Symptoms of Parkinson's disease, their origin and treatments and the research being conducted relating to them.

( --- Introductory paragraph about Parkinson's symptoms etc --- )

There are many ways of classifying and listing symptoms and there are so many of them that a number of 'ways in' are listed in the expansion boxes below. (Click a box to toggle expansion of it.)


A - Z:

A to Z of Parkinson's Symptoms

Links to the symptoms of Parkinson's in alphabetical order:

A B C D E
F - G H I - L M - N O
P - Q R S T U - Z

(Click to go to table for editing)


By motor/non-motor classification:

Symptoms by clinical classification

Parkinson's symptoms are often classified regarding whether they are largely movement-related or not. Some symptoms appear to arise from use of certain drugs.


Links to the symptoms of Parkinson's by a common clinical classification:


By neurological origin:

Parkinson's Symptoms by neurological origin

Links to the symptoms of Parkinson's by neurological origin:

  • /Nigrostriatal degeneration|Nigrostriatal degeneration
  • /Other_neurodegeneration|Other parts of the nervous system


By drugs that may cause them:

By drugs that may cause symptoms as side effects

The following side effects to common drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease have been notified by pharmaceutical companies:

Apokyn injection (apomorphine)

Parkinson's Symptoms/Apokyn injection

Aricept (denepezil)

Parkinson's Symptoms/Aricept

Artune (trihexyphenidyl)

Parkinson's Symptoms/Artune

Azilect (rasagilene)

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AZILECT ® is prescribed as a supplement to levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms.

Active ingredients edit

Rasagiline


Rasagiline is an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase[1] used as a monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease or as an adjunct therapy in more advanced cases.[2] It is selective for MAO type B over type A by a factor of fourteen.[3]

Inactive ingredients edit

Mannitol

Colloidal anhydrous silica

Maize starch

Stearic acid

Talc

Most common adverse reactions to AZILECT edit

Very common (Affecting more tham 1 user im 10)

Dyskinesia

Headache

Common (Affecting 1 to 10 users in 100}

abdominal pain

falls

allergy

fever

flu (influenza)

general feeling of being unwell (malaise)

neeck pain

chest pain (angina pectoris)

orthostatic hypotension

decreased appetite

constipation

dry mouth

nausea and vomiting

flatulence

leucopenia(abnormal blood tests)

arthralgia (joint pain)

musculoskeletal pain

joint inflammation (arthritis)

carpal tunnel syndrome (weakness or numbness of the hands)

decreased weight

abnormal dreams

postural instability

depression

dizziness

dystonia (muscle contractions)

rhinitis (runny nose)

dermatitis (skin irritation)

conjunctivitis (eye irritation)

urinary urgency

Less common adverse reactions to AZILECT edit

{Affects 1 to 10 users in 1,000)

stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

heart attack (myocardial infarction)

blistering rash (vesiculobullous rash)

Drug interactions edit

AZILECT should not be taken concurrently with:-

monamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

pethidine

St. John's Wort

Further Reading edit

Search the scientific literature (Azilect)

Literature search:

Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Azilect.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar


References edit

  1. Oldfield V, Keating GM, Perry CM (2007). "Rasagiline: a review of its use in the management of Parkinson's disease". Drugs 67 (12): 1725–47. PMID 17683172. 
  2. Gallagher DA, Schrag A (2008). "Impact of newer pharmacological treatments on quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease". CNS Drugs 22 (7): 563–86. doi:10.2165/00023210-200822070-00003. PMID 18547126. 
  3. Binda C, Hubálek F, Li M et al. (2005). "Binding of Rasagiline-related Inhibitors to Human Monoamine Oxidases: A Kinetic and Crystallographic Analysis". Journal of Medical Chemistry 48 (26): 8148–54. doi:10.1021/jm0506266. PMID 16366596. PMC 2519603. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2519603/. 
Cogentin (benztropene)

Parkinson's Symptoms/Cogentin

Comtesse (entacapone)

Parkinson's Symptoms/Comtesse

Madopar

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MADOPAR ® is widely prescribed for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms.

Active ingredients edit

Levodopa, an aromatic amino acid, is a white, crystalline compound, slightly soluble in water, with a molecular weight of 197.2. It is designated chemically as (—)-L-α-amino-β-(3,4-dihydroxybenzene) propanoic acid. Its empirical formula is C9H11NO4.


Decarboxylase benzeraside

Inactive ingredients edit

Most common adverse reactions to MADOPAR edit

Allergies (rash, itch,irregular heartbeat, blood in stools)

Reduced white blood cells (infections of mouth, gums, lungs or throat)

Reduced red blood cells (fatigue, bruise easily, prone to infections)

Reduced platelets in blood (bruising, nose bleeds)

Less common adverse reactions to MADOPAR edit

Digestive system

Loss of appetite

Nausea

Diarrhoea

Heart and circulatory system

Dizziness

Blood

Anaemia (Palpitations, Pale skin, Fatigue, Heart flutters, Shortness of breath).

Mental Problems

Excitement, Anxiety, Agitation, Agressin, Depression, Disorientation.

Hallucinations, Out of touch with reality.

Narcolepsy, Insomnia.

Excessive urge to gamble.

Excessive sex drive.

Miscellaneous

Dyskinesia.

Loss of taste, Taste abnormalities.

Redness of face or neck.

Abnormal sweating.

Drug interactions edit

Further reading edit

Search the scientific literature (Madopar)

Literature search:

Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Madopar.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar


References edit

Propranolol

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PROPRANOLOL ® is occasionally prescribed for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease resting tremor. It is one of a group of drugs known as beta blockers.

Active ingredients edit

Propranolol hydrochloride

Inactive ingredients edit

Contents

Lactose

Manesium stearate

Maize starch

Stearic acid

Hypromellose (E464)

Coating

Polysorbate

Carmoisine (E122)

Titanium dioxide {E171)

Iron oxide - red {E172}

Hypromelose {E464}

Most common adverse reactions to PROPRANOLOL edit

Less than 1 in 10 users

Tiredness, fatique

Cold extremities

Sleep disturbance

Slow or irregullar heartbeat

Raynaud's syndrome

Nightmares

Less common adverse reactions to PROPRANOLOL edit

Uncommon (Less than 1 in 100 users)

Nausea, Vomiting

Diarrhoea

Rare (Less tha 1 in 1000 users)

Blood cell changes (Nosebleeds, Bruising, Sore throats, Infections)

Worsening of heart failure (Low blood pressure, Fainting on standing, Dizziness, Intermittent claudication)

Dermatological problems (Skin rash,soriasis, Hair loss, Dry flaky skin, red/itchy skin)

Neuroses (Hallucinations, Mood changes, Pinsand needles, Psychoses, Memory loss)

Difficulty in breathing

Dry eyes, Visual disturbances

Not known (cannot be estimated from availble data)

Hyperthyroidism

Changes in blood fats

Changes in kidney function

Changes in blood sugar levels

Fits (seizures)

Worsening of Angina, Headache, Depression, Confusion

Consti[ation

Dy mouth

Conjunctivitis

Changes in sex drive or potency

Joint pain

Drug interactions edit

Verapamil or Diltiazem to treat heart disease}

Disopyramide or Quinidine or Amiodarone (to treat irregular heartbeat - arrhythmia)

Ergotamine< derivates (to treat migraine}

Adenaline {epinephrine used to treat anaphylactic shock)

Insulin and other medicines for the treatment of diabetes.

Lidocaine or Propafenine or Flecanide (used to treat irregular heartbeat or as a local anaesthetic}

Indometacin (A Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug- NSAID)

Digitalis glycosdes (such as digoxin, use to treat heart disease}

Chlorpromazine (for mental illness)

Cimetidine (for stomach ulcers)

Alpha blockersor Clonidine or Moxonidine or Methyldopa or Hydralaxine {for high blood pressure)

Monamine oxidase inhibitors or Imipramine or <Fluvoxamine (for depression)

Warfarin (to prevent clotting)

Rizatriptan (for migraine)

Rifampicin (to treat infection)

arbiturates (to combat severe insomnia)

Theophylline (for treating asthma and reversible airways obstruction)

Diuretics (to clear excess water from the body)

Further Reading edit

References edit

Requip

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REQUIP ® is a dopmine agonist that widely prescribed for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms.

Active ingredients edit

Ropinirole hydrochloride

Most common adverse reactions to REQUIP edit

Nausea

Vomiting

Stomach ache

Drowsiness

Swelling of arms and legs

Burning sensation in stomach if taken with alcohol

Less common adverse reactions to REQUIP edit

Lowered blood pressure {leading to Slow pulse; Falls; Orthostatic hyotension; Fainting; Unsteadiness; Dizzines}

Somnolence (Extreme sleepiness)

Sudden sleep episodes {Narcolepsy}

Compulsive behaviour (e.g Sexual or gambling adiction}

If taken with levodopa

Dystonia (Jerky movements))

Hallucination

Confusion

Further Reading edit

Position statement by the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Position_statement/2009/12/WC500017653.pdf

References edit

Sinemet

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SINEMET® is widely prescribed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and some Parkinson's_Plus syndromes.

Active ingredients edit

Carbidopa, is an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylation, and is a white, crystalline compound, slightly soluble in water, with a molecular weight of 244.3. It is designated chemically as (—)-L-α-hydrazino-α-methyl-β-(3,4-dihydroxybenzene) propanoic acid monohydrate. Its empirical formula is C10H14N2O4•H2O.

Levodopa, an aromatic amino acid, is a white, crystalline compound, slightly soluble in water, with a molecular weight of 197.2. It is designated chemically as (—)-L-α-amino-β-(3,4-dihydroxybenzene) propanoic acid. Its empirical formula is C9H11NO4.

Inactive ingredients edit

Hydroxypropyl cellulose

Pregelatinized starch

Crospovidone

Microcrystalline cellulose

Magnesium stearate

SINEMET 10-100 and 25-250 Tablets also contain:-

FD&C Blue #2/lndigo Carmine AL.

SINEMET 25-100 Tablets also contain:-

D&C Yellow #10 Lake.

Most common adverse reactions to SINEMET edit

Dyskinesia

Nausea

Less common adverse reactions to SINEMET edit

Body as a Whole

Chest pain, asthenia.

Cardiovascular

Cardiac irregularities, hypotension, orthostatic effects including orthostatic hypotension, hypertension, syncope, phlebitis, palpitation.

Gastrointestinal

Dark saliva, gastrointestinal bleeding, development of duodenal ulcer, anorexia, vomiting, diarrheoa, constipation, dyspepsia , dry mouth, taste alterations.

Hematologic

Agranulocytosis, hemolytic and non-hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia.

Hypersensitivity

Angioedema, urticaria, pruritus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, bullous lesions (including pemphigus-like reactions).

Musculoskeletal

Back pain, shoulder pain, muscle cramps.

Nervous System/Psychiatric

Psychotic episodes including delusions, hallucinations, and paranoid ideation, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, bradykinetic episodes ("on-off" phenomenon), confusion, agitation, dizziness, somnolence, dream abnormalities including nightmares, insomnia, paresthesia, headache, depression with or without development of suicidal tendencies, dementia, pathological gambling, increased libido including hypersexuality, impulse control symptoms.

Respiratory

Dyspnea, upper respiratory infection.

Skin

Rash, increased sweating, alopecia, dark sweat.

Urogenital

Urinary tract infection, urinary frequency, dark urine.

Drug interactions edit

Symptomatic postural hypotension has occurred when SINEMET was added to the treatment of a patient receiving antihypertensive drugs.

Severe orthostatic hypertenson can occur for patients receiving MAO inhibitors (Type A or B).

There have been rare reports of adverse reactions, including hypertension and dyskinesia, resulting from the concomitant use of tricyclic antidepressants and SINEMET.

Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists (e.g. phenothiazines, butyrophenones, risperidone) and isoniazid may reduce the therapeutic effects of levodopa. In addition, the beneficial effects of levodopa in Parkinson's disease have been reported to be reversed by phenytoin and papaverine.

Iron salts may reduce the bioavailability of levodopa and carbidopa.

Although metoclopramide may increase the bioavailability of levodopa by increasing gastric emptying, metoclopramide may also adversely affect disease control by its dopamine receptor antagonistic properties.

Further Reading edit

(1997)

Block et al [1]carried out a multi-centre trial over 5 years comparing the effects of Sinemet (immediate Release) and Sinemet CR (Controlled Release) and found favourably for the latter.


Search the scientific literature (Sinemet)

Literature search:

Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Sinemet.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar


References edit

  1. Block, G,; Liss, C.; Reines, S.; Irr. I. and Nibbelink, D. AbstractEur. Neurol. 37 (1) 23 – 27 Comparison of Immediate-Release and Controlled Release Carbidopa/Levodopa in Parkinson’s Disease http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/117399
Stalevo

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STALEVO ® is widely prescribed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and some Parkinson's_Plus syndromes.

Active ingredients edit

Carbidopa, is an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylation, and is a white, crystalline compound, slightly soluble in water, with a molecular weight of 244.3. It is designated chemically as (—)-L-α-hydrazino-α-methyl-β-(3,4-dihydroxybenzene) propamic acid monohydrate. Its empirical formula is C10H14N2O4•H2O.

Entacapone is somewhat similar to carbidopa or benserazide, in that it is an inhibitor of an enzyme that converts L-DOPA into a compound that cannot cross the blood brain barrier.

Levodopa, an aromatic amino acid, is a white, crystalline compound, slightly soluble in water, with a molecular weight of 197.2. It is designated chemically as (—)-L-α-amino-β-(3,4-dihydroxybenzene) propanic acid. Its empirical formula is C9H11NO4

Inactive ingredients edit

croselcarmellose sodium

magnesium stearate

maize starch]

manitol (E421)

povidone K30 (E1201)

glycerol (422)

hypromellose

polysorbate 80

red iron oxide (E172)

sucrose

titanium dioxide (E171)

yellow iron oxide (E172)

Most common adverse reactions to STALEVO edit

Dystonia (Uncontrolled movements)

Nausea

Paranoia and psychotic symptoms

Depression (possibly with thoughts of suicide)

Amnesia and cognitive deficits

Less common adverse reactions to STALEVO edit

Irregular heart rate and rhythm

Light headedness or fainting due to low blood pressure

Dizziness

Drowsiness

Sudden worsening of Parkinson's symptoms

Loss of appetite

Vomiting

Bleeding in the gut

Ulcers

Abdominal pain

Dry mouth

Constipation

Diarrhoea

High blood pressure

Inflammation of the veins in the legs

Insomnia

Hallucinations

Confusion

Unpleasant dreams

Tiredness

Muscle cramps

Sweating

Falls postural instability)

Changes in blood cells

Fainting

Infections

Bleeding

Chest pain

Shortness of breath

Tingling or numbness

Convulsions

Rare or very rare effects edit

Agitation

Itching and rashes

Weight loss or gain

vision disturbances

Muscle cramps

Drug interactions edit

Selective MAO-A plus MAO- inhibitors

>non-selective MAO inhibitors (e.g. Moclobemide-aka Aurorix and Manerix.}

noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors (e.g. Desipramine- aka Desmethylimipramine; Maprotiline aka -Deprilept, Ludiomil, Psymion; Venlaxafine - aka Effexor or Efexor )

tricycline antidepressants (e.g. Amitryptiline - aka Tryptomer, Elavil, Tryptizol, Laroxyl, Saroten, Sarotex, Lentizol, Endep)

Paroxetine aka Aropax, Paxil, Pexeva, Seroxat, Sereupin

Isoprenaline aka Isoproterenol, Medihaler-Iso and Isupre

Dopamine

Dobutamine

Alpha-methyldopa

Apomorphine aka Apokyn, Ixense, Spontane, Uprima]]

rimiterole

Dopamine antagonists

Phenytoin

Papaverine

iron supplements

Adrenaline

Further reading edit

Search the scientific literature (Stalevo)

Literature search:

Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Stalevo.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar


(current)

U.S. Food and Drugs Administration report on Stalevo, http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm206513.htm

(2010)

Podcast for Healthcare Professionals:Ongoing Safety Review of Stalevo (entacapone/carbidopa/levodopa) and possible development of Prostate Cancer http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugSafetyPodcasts/ucm207688.htm

FDA Drug Safety Communication: Ongoing Safety Review of Stalevo and possible increased cardiovascular risk http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm223060.htm


FDA Drug Safety Podcast for Healthcare Professionals: Ongoing Safety Review of Stalevo and possible increased cardiovascular risk http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugSafetyPodcasts/ucm223620.htm


FDA Drug Safety Communication: Ongoing Safety Review of Stalevo (entacapone/carbidopa/levodopa) and possible development of Prostate Cancer http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm206363.htm

Eurpean Medicines Agency report on stalevo. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/000511/human_med_001063.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124

References edit


Development of symptoms as the disease progresses:

Parkinson's Symptoms by stages

There are some common symptoms, some of which may be mild, that patients have at diagnosis and which may well have led them to consult their doctor in the first place. As time goes by further symptoms develop or become more obvious.

  • /Common_Early|Symptoms of Parkinson's that patients are commonly aware of at diagnosis
  • /Common_mid_stage|Common mid-stage symptoms of Parkinson's
  • /Common_late_stage|Common late-stage symptoms of Parkinson's


This page and related subpages are still under development

This is the top page of a hierarchy of pages which, at the bottom level, will contain a set of sub pages each dealing with a single symptom of Parkinson's. The intermediate pages in the hierarchy will discuss each symptom group together according to the classification heading.

Related pages edit

The Science Behind Parkinson's portal

Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research
Introduction to Parkinson's Science