Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Non-motor

Chaudhuri et al stressed the importance of identifying, measuring and treating non-motor PD symptoms and proposed the following classification of non-motor symptoms.

Cardiovascular

See the review of Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson's by Jain and Goldstein

Orthostatic hypotension

( To subpage for editing >> ) Orthostatic hypotension Drop in blood pressure during changes in body position. A recent review of Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson's by Jain and Goldstein (2012) is particularly relevant. The following references are also relevant:- Hussain et al (2001) Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension Park and Stacy(2011) Dopamine-Induced Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease Sommer et al (2011) Nondipping in Parkinson's Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Orthostatic_hypotension. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Tachycardia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Tachycardia Rapid heart rate The following references are relevant:- Wilcox and Aminoff (1976) Blood pressure responses to noradrenaline and dopamine infusions in Parkinson's disease and the Shy-Drager syndrome Riley and Chelimsky (2003) Autonomic nervous system testing may not distinguish multiple system atrophy from Parkinson's disease Shimizu and Ohno (2013) Improving the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease: A Novel Approach by Modulating 5-HT1A Receptors Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Tachycardia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References <references>

Tachypnoia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Tachypnoia Rapid breathing The following references are relevant:- Vas et al (1965) Parkinsonism associated with laryngeal spasm. Kim, R. (1968) The chronic residual respiratory disorder in post-encephalitis Parkinsonism Apps et al (1985) Respiration and sleep in Parkinson's disease. / Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Tachypnoia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Sleep/Fatigue

Agrypnia

Redirected to Insomnia: ( To subpage for editing >> ) Insomnia Disturbed sleep May include Agrypnia The following references are relevant:- Schutte-Rodin et al (2008)Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults Suzuki et al(2011)Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease Louter et al (2012) Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease Further Research Search the scientific literature (Insomnia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Insomnia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Agrypnia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agrypnia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Apnoea

( To subpage for editing >> ) Apnoea Arrest of breathing There is an alternative spelling " Apnea". This is most frequently observed sleep disorder. During apnoea there is no movement of air in or out of the lungs. There is a considerable body of literature on this Symptom. Here are a few references and a general search tool: Chotinaiwattarakui et al (2010) Risk of sleep-disordered breathing in Parkinson's disease Univ. of California clinical Trials. (2012). Study into the cognitive benefits of treating sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease Lelieveld et al (2012) The Role of Serotonin in Sleep Disordered Breathing Associated with Parkinson Disease: A Correlative DASB PET Imaging Study Further Research Search the scientific literature - Apnoea Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apnoea. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature - Apnea Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apnea. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Coma

( To subpage for editing >> ) Coma Deep unconsciousness with loss of awareness The following references are relevant:- Guillan(1925) A clinical study of encephalitis lethargic – based on 62 cases Jang et al (2009) Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration Nakamagoe et al (2009) Parkinsonism with organophosphate poisoning Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Coma. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Insomnia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Insomnia Disturbed sleep May include Agrypnia The following references are relevant:- Schutte-Rodin et al (2008)Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults Suzuki et al(2011)Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease Louter et al (2012) Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease Further Research Search the scientific literature (Insomnia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Insomnia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Agrypnia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agrypnia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Narcolepsy

( To subpage for editing >> ) Narcolepsy Sudden urge to sleep. The following references are relevant:- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978248/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747735 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22939103 Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Narcolepsy. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Sleep disorder

( To subpage for editing >> ) Insomnia Disturbed sleep May include Agrypnia The following references are relevant:- Schutte-Rodin et al (2008)Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults Suzuki et al(2011)Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease Louter et al (2012) Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease Further Research Search the scientific literature (Insomnia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Insomnia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Agrypnia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agrypnia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Somnipathy

( To subpage for editing >> ) Insomnia Disturbed sleep May include Agrypnia The following references are relevant:- Schutte-Rodin et al (2008)Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults Suzuki et al(2011)Sleep Disturbances Associated with Parkinson's Disease Louter et al (2012) Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease Further Research Search the scientific literature (Insomnia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Insomnia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Agrypnia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agrypnia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Mood/Apathy

Aboulia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Aboulia Lack of will or initiative There is an alternative spelling ’Abulia’. This symptom can come about through trauma or as a result of Deep Brain Stimulation. It can also arise from non-Parkinsonian causes such as degeneration of or surgery upon the frontal lobes. Common features of aboulia are:- • Difficulty in initiating and sustaining purposeful movements • Lack of spontaneous movement • Reduced spontaneous movement • Increased response-time to queries • Passivity • Reduced emotional responsiveness and spontaneity • Reduced social interactions • Reduced interest in usual pastimes This has been described by:- Doder et al (1999) Parkinson's syndrome after closed head injury: a single case report Redgrave et al (2010)Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson’s disease Drubach et al (2011)Free Will, Freedom of Choice and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Further Research Search the scientific literature (Aboulia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Aboulia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Abulia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Abulia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Compulsive behaviour

( To subpage for editing >> ) Compulsive behaviour Out-of character uncontrollable urges, for instance gambling. The following references are relevant:- Djamshidian et al (2010) Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease Djamshidian et al (2011) Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease Bostwick et al (2012) Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Compulsive behaviour. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. behaviour Pubmed (abstracts) behaviour Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) behaviour Google_Scholar References

Coprolalia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Coprolalia Exclamatory swearing and use of hostile or obscene epithets. Daniele et al (1997) Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion. Shale et al (2005) Tics in a patient with Parkinson's disease† Dale et al (2007) Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism. Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Coprolalia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Hypomania

( To subpage for editing >> ) Hypomania Pathological elation. The following references are relevant:- Zahodne and Fernandez (2010) Parkinson’s Psychosis Haq et al (2010) A Case of Mania following Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Copra et al (2012) Underlying Neurobiology and Clinical Correlates of Mania Status-Post Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A Review of the Literature http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045857/ Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Hypomania. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Perceptual Problems

Agnosia

Redirected to Apraxia: ( To subpage for editing >> ) Apraxia Difficulties in action or perception (May include Agnosia - Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells) This has been studied by:- Goldenburg et al (1986) Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. Jacobs, Jesse V. et al (2006)The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease Rohrer et al (2009) Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia Liepelt-Scarfone et al (2011) Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature (Apraxia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apraxia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Agnosia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agnosia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Block

( To subpage for editing >> ) Block Resistance to thought or movement. The following references are relevant:- Brown and Marsden (1988) Internal versus external cues and the control of attention in Parkinson's Disease Morris et al (1988) Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease. Heindel et al (1989) Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: a comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Block. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Delusion

( To subpage for editing >> ) Delusion A fixed false belief that is resistant to reason or confrontation with actuality The following references are relevant:- Goldman (2011) New Thoughts on Thought Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: Review of Current Research Strategies and Challenges Fénelon et al (2012) Feeling of presence in Parkinson's disease Mack et al (2012) Prevalence of Psychotic Symptoms in a Community-Based Parkinson’s Disease Sample Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Delusion. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Dementia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Dementia Abnormal progressive decline in cognitive function See also Cognitive Impairment The following references are relevant. Leverenz et al, (2009) Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease Johnson and Galvin (2011) Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia Weintraub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Dementia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Hallucination

( To subpage for editing >> ) Hallucination An experience of something that does not exist outside the mind The following references are relevant:- Goetz et al (2010) Hallucinations and sleep disorders in PD Fenelon et al (2011) Feeling of presence in Parkinson's disease Bertram and Williams (2012) Visual hallucinations in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Hallucinations. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References <references>

Mad Hatter's Disease

Redirected to ( To subpage for editing >> ) Erethism Pathological irritability or sensitivity of an organ or a body part. This symptom (also known as Mad Hatter's Disease is commonly associated with mercury toxicity, (prevalent in hat manufacture) which is itself a noted causal risk for PD. The following references are relevant:- Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review. Clarkson et al (2003) Human Exposure to Mercury: the Three Modern Dilemmas Liu et al (2012) Occupational Neurotoxic Diseasesin Taiwan Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Erethism. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Phantosmia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Phantosmia Hallucinatory smells. The following references are relevant:- Hirsch (2008) Parkinsonism: the hyposmia and phantosmia connection. Landis and Burkhard (2008) Phantosmias and Parkinson disease. Aiello and Hirsch (2013) Phantosmia as a meteorological forecaster. Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Phantosmia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Attention/Memory

Aphrenia

Aphrenia: Stoppage of thought Redirected to Dementia: ( To subpage for editing >> ) Dementia Abnormal progressive decline in cognitive function See also Cognitive Impairment The following references are relevant. Leverenz et al, (2009) Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease Johnson and Galvin (2011) Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia Weintraub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Dementia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Apraxia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Apraxia Difficulties in action or perception (May include Agnosia - Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells) This has been studied by:- Goldenburg et al (1986) Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. Jacobs, Jesse V. et al (2006)The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease Rohrer et al (2009) Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia Liepelt-Scarfone et al (2011) Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature (Apraxia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Apraxia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature (Agnosia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Agnosia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Bradyphrenia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Bradyphrenia Slowness of thought. The following references are relevant:- Aarsland et al (2009) Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease Goldman and Litvan (2011) Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease Oluladanola et al (2012) Frequency of cognitive impairment and depression in Parkinson's disease: A preliminary case-control study Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Bradyphrenia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Cognitive Impairment

( To subpage for editing >> ) Cognitive impairment Problems with mental processes such as thinking, learning and judging See also Dementia The folllowing references are relevant. Goldman and Litvan (2011) Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease Litvan et al(2011) MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI Weintrub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Cognitive_Impairment. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Tachyphrenia

(To subpage for editing >> ) Tachyphrenia Rapid thought The following references are relevant:- Leverentz et al (2009) Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease Weintraub et al (2011) Patterns and Trends in Antipsychotic Prescribing for Parkinson Disease Psychosis Willis et al (2012) Predictors of Survival in Parkinson Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Tachyphrenia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Gastrointestinal

Bulimia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Bulimia Violent or insatiable appetite The following references are relevant:- Rosenberg et al (1977) Increased appetite (bulimia) in Parkinson's disease. Burkhard et al (2008) Impulse control disorders and Parkinson's disease. Zahodne et al (2011) Binge eating in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, correlates and the contribution of deep brain stimulation. Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Bulimia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Constipation

( To subpage for editing >> ) Constipation Decreased ability of intestinal muscles to move stool through the bowels Gao et al (2011) A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease Forsyth et al (2011) Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease Wang et al (2013) Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction. Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Constipation. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Sexual Functions

Algolagnia

Redirected to Hypersexuality: Hypersexuality Excessive sexual activity ( To subpage for editing >> ) (Related symptoms: Satyriasis, Sadomachism) The following references are relevant:- Witjas et al (2012) Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. Politis et al (2013) Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease. Pereira et al (2013) Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Hypersexuality . This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Hypersexuality

Hypersexuality Excessive sexual activity ( To subpage for editing >> ) (Related symptoms: Satyriasis, Sadomachism) The following references are relevant:- Witjas et al (2012) Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. Politis et al (2013) Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease. Pereira et al (2013) Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Hypersexuality . This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Sadomasochism

Hypersexuality Excessive sexual activity ( To subpage for editing >> ) (Related symptoms: Satyriasis, Sadomachism) The following references are relevant:- Witjas et al (2012) Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. Politis et al (2013) Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease. Pereira et al (2013) Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Hypersexuality . This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Satyriasis

Hypersexuality Excessive sexual activity ( To subpage for editing >> ) (Related symptoms: Satyriasis, Sadomachism) The following references are relevant:- Witjas et al (2012) Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. Politis et al (2013) Neural response to visual sexual cues in dopamine treatment-linked hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease. Pereira et al (2013) Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Hypersexuality . This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Miscellaneous

Aphonia

Aphonia: Inability to make sounds. ( To subpage for editing >> ) Aphonia Inability to make sounds The following references are relevant:- Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review Russell et al (2010) Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease Hallett (2011) Psychogenic Parkinsonism Search the scientific literature (Aphonia) Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Aphonia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Drooling

Redirected to Sialorrhoea ( To subpage for editing >> ) Sialorrhoea Increased salivation Alternative term:- Drooling The following references are relevant:- Kalf et al (2009) Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review Bloem et al (2009) Debilitating consequences of drooling Kalf et al (2011) Diurnal and nocturnal drooling in Parkinson’s disease Further Research Search the scientific literature - Sialorrhoea Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Sialorrhoea. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature - Drooling Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Drooling. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Dysarthria

( To subpage for editing >> ) Dysarthria Speech difficulties due to impairment of the muscles associated with vocalization. The following references are relevant:- MacPherson et al (2011) The Intonation-Syntax Interface in the Speech of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease Skodda (2012) Effect of Deep Brain Stimulation on Speech Performance in Parkinson's Disease Walsh and Smith (2011) Linguistic Complexity, Speech Production, and Comprehension in Parkinson’s Disease: Behavioral and Physiological Indices Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Dysarthria. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Dysphagia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Dysphagia Difficulty in swallowing. See also Aphagia Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Dysphagia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Dysphasia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Dysphasia Difficulty in speaking The following references are relevant:- Colman et al (2011) Sentence Comprehension and Its Association with Executive Functions in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Baylor et al (2012) A qualitative study of interference with communicative participation across communication disorders in adults Fox et al(2012) LSVT LOUD and LSVT BIG: Behavioral Treatment Programs for Speech and Body Movement in Parkinson Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Dysphasia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Echolalia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Echolalia Forced repetition of someone’s words The following references are relevant:- Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review. Dierckx et al (1991) Evolution of technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT and brain mapping in a patient presenting with echolalia and palilalia. Ghika et al (1996) “”Echoing approval": a new speech disorder. Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Echolalia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Erethism

( To subpage for editing >> ) Erethism Pathological irritability or sensitivity of an organ or a body part. This symptom (also known as Mad Hatter's Disease is commonly associated with mercury toxicity, (prevalent in hat manufacture) which is itself a noted causal risk for PD. The following references are relevant:- Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review. Clarkson et al (2003) Human Exposure to Mercury: the Three Modern Dilemmas Liu et al (2012) Occupational Neurotoxic Diseasesin Taiwan Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Erethism. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Hypophonia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Hypophonia Reduced vocal force The following references are relevant:- Russell et al (2010) Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease Hammer et al (2010) Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation changes speech respiratory and laryngeal control in Parkinson's disease Darling and Huber (2011) Changes to Articulatory Kinematics in Response to Loudness Cues in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Hypophonia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Mydriasis

( To subpage for editing >> ) Mydriasis Dilated pupils. The following references are relevant:- Bitsios et al (1998) Comparison of the effects of moclobemide and selegiline on tyramine-evoked mydriasis in man Mojunder and Wensel (2009) Topical Mydriatics Affect Light-Evoked Retinal Responses in Anesthetized Mice Armstrong (2011) Visual Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Mydriasis. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Olfactory dysfunction

( To subpage for editing >> ) Olfactory dysfunction A reduced or impaired ability to detect odors. The following references are relevant:- Hoyles and Sharma (2013) Olfactory loss as a supporting feature in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: a pragmatic approach Takeda (2013) Severe olfactory dysfunction is a predictor of dementia with Parkinson’s disease Hüttenbrink et al (2013) Olfactory dysfunction: common in later life and early warning of neurodegenerative disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Olfactory_dysfunction. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Ophthalmoplegia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Ophthalmoplegia Paralysis of gaze. The following references are relevant:- Guiloff et al (1980)Reversible supranuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with Parkinsonism Armstrong (2011)Visual signs and symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy. Pontieri et al (2012) Sad and happy facial emotion recognition impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy in comparison with Parkinson's disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Ophthalmoplegia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Palilalia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Palilalia Forced repetition of one’s own words The following references are relevant:- Ackermann et al (1989) Palilalia as a symptom of levodopa induced hyperkinesia in Parkinson's disease. Anderson et al (1999) Developmental stuttering and Parkinson's disease: the effects of levodopa treatment Benke et al (2000) Repetitive speech phenomena in Parkinson's disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Palilalia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Paraesthesia

( To subpage for editing >> ) Parasthesia Sensations arising spontaneously in a limb or other part of the body, e,g."pins and needles" or fluctuations of warmth or coldness. The following references are relevant:- Fuentes et al (2010) Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson’s disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach Varanese et al(2010) Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Disease Ahlskog (2010) Seniors with Parkinson's Disease: Initial Medical Treatment Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Paraesthesia. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Perseveration

( To subpage for editing >> ) Perseveration Abnormal continuation or repetition of nervous processes. The following references are relevant:- Rutledge et al (2009) Dopaminergic Drugs Modulate Learning Rates and Perseveration in Parkinson’s Patients in a Dynamic Foraging Task Weintraub et al (2012) Alzheimer's disease pattern of brain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease Pagonabarraga et al (2013) Pattern of Regional Cortical Thinning Associated with Cognitive Deterioration in Parkinson’s Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Perseveration. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Perseveration Pubmed (abstracts) Perseveration Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Perseveration Google_Scholar References

Sialorrhoea

( To subpage for editing >> ) Sialorrhoea Increased salivation Alternative term:- Drooling The following references are relevant:- Kalf et al (2009) Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review Bloem et al (2009) Debilitating consequences of drooling Kalf et al (2011) Diurnal and nocturnal drooling in Parkinson’s disease Further Research Search the scientific literature - Sialorrhoea Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Sialorrhoea. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Search the scientific literature - Drooling Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Drooling. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References

Strabismus

(To subpage for editing >> ) Strabismus Divergent squint of the eyes (See also Exotropia = Outward divergence and Esotropia = Inward Divergence. Also Tic) The following references are relevant:- Rascol et al (1991) Square wave jerks in parkinsonian syndromes Scoditti, et al (1993) Peroneal muscular atrophy with parkinsonism, ptosis, and congenital strabismus. Almer et al (2011) Ocular Motor and Sensory Function in Parkinson Disease Further Research Search the scientific literature Literature search: Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Strabismus. This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar References