Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/P - Q
The A-Z of Parkinson's Symptoms
P
Palilalia (Forced repetition of one’s own words )
| ||
---|---|---|
Forced repetition of one’s own words The following references are relevant:- Ackermann et al (1989) Palilalia as a symptom of levodopa induced hyperkinesia in Parkinson's disease.[1] Anderson et al (1999) Developmental stuttering and Parkinson's disease: the effects of levodopa treatment [2] Benke et al (2000) Repetitive speech phenomena in Parkinson's disease [3] Further Research
References
|
Palipraxia (Forced repetitive movement )
| ||
---|---|---|
Forced repetitive movement. The following references are relevant:- Ghika (----) Mood and behaviour in disorders of the basal ganglia.[1] Critchley (1970) Aphasioloy and other aspects of language[2] Naremore (1981) Language science : recent advances[3] Further Researchedit
Referencesedit
|
Paradoxical kinesia (Unexpected reveraal of motor symptoms)
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Paradoxical kinesiaeditSometimes referred to as 'Kinesia paradoxa' Unexpected reversal of motor symptoms
Faith 'Cures'editThe earliest reference to this phenomenon is to be found in Chapter 2 of the Gospel of St. Mark, where Jesus is at Capernaum and is faced with a bedridden man who is "sick of the palsy".
This account begs the questions as to whether the palsy as described equates with PD and whether the observable benefits were permanent or temporary. In modern times the most documented "miracle" cure is that of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, who attested that she had been cured of Parkinson's Disease after praying to the late Pope John Paul II.[who himself manifested advanced symptoms of PD]
It is not possible to evaluate these events without a sight of the report of the panel of medical experts set up by the Vatican to evaluate claims of cures. More Observationsedit(1921)editSouques [1] observed the phenomenon and coined the term 'Paradoxical kinesia' to describe it. (1976)editMarshall et al Activation-induced restoration of sensorimotor functions in rats with dopamine-depleting brain lesions [2] succeeded in reproducing Kinesia Paradoxica by exposing Parkinsonian rats to potentially life-threatening situations.
(1989)editKeefe et al Dopamine ReleaseStudies in an Animal Model [3] found that by inducing PK they could switch Parkinson symptoms on and off in rats. Rats were given brain lesions to inhibit their dopamine production capacity by 98% and they became Parkinsonian. They were placed in deep water and managed to swim effectively. They also escaped from shallow ice baths.
(2007)editSchlesinger et al [4] interviewed 50 PD patients, who had been exposed to life-threatening situations in war. Two had experiened PK. (2009)editRobottom et al < [5]noted that symptoms varied when PD patients were placed under emotional or physical stress. The Abruzzi earthquakeedit(2009)editAt 03.32 Central European Summer Time on the night of 6th April 2009 the city of L'Aquila, which is the capital of the Abruzzo region in Italy, was devastated by a sudden earthquake with a strength of 5.8 on the Richter Scale. There was considerable damage to property, 308 people lost their lives and some 1,500 were injured.However there is a long history of earth tremors in the region and the majority of citizens evacuated their properties forthwith and survived. It so happened that 70km. away was a Movement Disorder clinic, operated by the University G.D. Annunzio Chieti-Pescari, which had neen monitoring the symptoms of 14 patients in the city with parkinsonism and dementia. The movemnt disorders of all of them were at Hoehn and Yahr stages 3 to 5. Measurements taken 3 months after the earthquake showed an unaccountable significant improvement in their UPDRS motor rating. There was also considerable anecdotal evidence of their performmance at the moment when the earthquake struck:- "He ran like hell out of the two storey building pushing his two children (17 and 15 years old) and his wife" relates to a 59 year old retired chemical engineer in his tenth year since being diagnosed with PD. "During the earthquake hit he ran from his house." describes a 58 year old retired truck driver five years after PD diagnosis. "During the night time earthquake, she rose from her bed and hurried out of her apartment at the third floor. When she was examined, 15 days after the earthquake, she walked to the office assisted by her daughter (in the previous visit she had been carried on a wheelchair)." Describes a 90 year old woman with both PD and dementia. "During the night time earthquake hit he ran away from his second floor apartment." relates to a 77 year od retired public employee. "During the earthquake, he jumped out of bed and ran through three flights of stairs, carrying and pushing his 72 year old wife (she reported he practically lifted her up through the collapsing apartment and floors)." Part of an acount of a 77 year old retired engineer who had experienced PD symptoms for three year. After 5 months the patients had regressed to their pre-earthquake state. A full account was published by Bonanni et al(2010) Protracted benefit from paradoxical kinesia in typical and atypical parkinsonisms[6] Oliver SackseditPK can occur without the need for divine intervention or geological catastrophes. “Awakenings”, by Oliver Sacks, is one of the most lucid and closely observed accounts of PD symptoms. It is based on the case notes of a series of encounters that he had with patients as a result of the PD pandemic called Encephalitis Lethargica. In the 1920’s. This form of the disease is characterised by its rapid onset and progression and its pronounced symptoms. For example bradykinesia progresses to the point where the patient becomes catatonic. Sacks noted a number of occurrences of Pardoxical kinesia:-In the 1950s there was a PD patient at the Highlands Hospital, London, who:-
At the same hospital were two PD patients who shared a room for 20 years. Both were motionless and mute, but one evening:-
Another patient at Mount Carmel Hospital would sit completely motionless unless she was suddenly thrown three (or more) oranges.
Another Mount Carmel patient seemed totally incapable of movement until one day when:-
Hypotheses for PKedit(1989)editMorris et al [7] evaluated the factors influencing gait in PD patients.
(1991)editGlickstein and Stein [8]
(2009)editSchlesimger et al (Ibid) advanced three possible hypotheses to explain PK. Basal Ganglia Reserves This assumes that reserves of dopamine are held in the basal ganglia and are released in emergencies. Compensatory cerebellar circuitry This assumes that dormant alternative cerebellar circuitry can be activated by reward-seeking behaviour. Noradrenic augmentation This assumes that a primitive, latent system of movement can be stimulated into use by the secretion of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline acting upon the sympathetic nervous system. This is also known as the "fight-or-flight response" Visual CueingeditVisual cueing is a form of PK which can be activated, and controlled by an indvidual as an alternative form of locomotion. Morris et al [9]evaluated cadence control for slow to medium walking speeds in PD patients and showed that an increase in step frequency was a compensation for reduced stride length. They concluded:-
Further Readingedit
Related PageseditReferencesedit
|
Paratonia (Involuntary variable resistance during passive movement)
| ||
---|---|---|
Redirected to ( To subpage for editing >> ) Involuntary variable resistance during passive movement The following references are relevant:- Bahram et al (2009) Exercise therapy, quality of life, and activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson disease: a small scale quasi-randomised trial [1] Franzen et al (2009) Reduced Performance in Balance, Walking and Turning Tasks is Associated with Increased Neck Tone in Parkinson's Disease [2] Xia et al (2011) Differentiation between the contributions of shortening reaction and stretch-induced inhibition to rigidity in Parkinson’s disease [3] Further Researchedit
Referencesedit
|
Paraesthesia (Sensations arising spontaneously in a limb or other part of the body)
| ||
---|---|---|
Sensations arising spontaneously in a limb or other part of the body, e,g."pins and needles" or fluctuations of warmth or coldness. The following references are relevant:- Fuentes et al (2010) Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson’s disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach [1] Varanese et al(2010) Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Disease [2] Ahlskog (2010) Seniors with Parkinson's Disease: Initial Medical Treatment [3] Further Research
References
|
Paresis (Partial paralysis)
| ||
---|---|---|
Partial paralysis. The following references are relevant:- Chao et al (2007) Surgical Management of Parkinson's Disease: Update and Review [1] Halett(2011) Psychogenic Parkinsonism [2] Armstrong et al(2011) Visual Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease [3] Further Researchedit
Referencesedit
|
Perseveration (Abnormal continuation or repetition of nervous processes)
| ||
---|---|---|
Abnormal continuation or repetition of nervous processes. The following references are relevant:- Rutledge et al (2009) Dopaminergic Drugs Modulate Learning Rates and Perseveration in Parkinson’s Patients in a Dynamic Foraging Task [1] Weintraub et al (2012) Alzheimer's disease pattern of brain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease [2] Pagonabarraga et al (2013) Pattern of Regional Cortical Thinning Associated with Cognitive Deterioration in Parkinson’s Disease [3] Further Research
References
|
Phantosmia (Hallucnatory smells)
| ||
---|---|---|
Hallucinatory smells. The following references are relevant:- Hirsch (2008) Parkinsonism: the hyposmia and phantosmia connection. [1] Landis and Burkhard (2008) Phantosmias and Parkinson disease. [2] Aiello and Hirsch (2013) Phantosmia as a meteorological forecaster.[3]
References
|
Postural instability
| ||
---|---|---|
Redirected to ( To subpage for editing >> ) Susceptibility to falls Alternative termseditPostural instability---Falls
King et al (2012) Do clinical scales of balance reflect turning abnormalities in people with Parkinson's disease? [1] Duncan and Earhart (2012) Should One Measure Balance or Gait to Best Predict Falls among People with Parkinson Disease? [2] Boonsinsukh et al (2012) A Cane Improves Postural Recovery From an Unpracticed Slip During Walking in People With Parkinson Disease [3] Further Researchedit
Referencesedit
|
Propulsive gait
| ||
---|---|---|
When walking, steps become faster and faster with progressively shorter steps that passes from a walking to a running pace Further Researchedit
Referencesedit |
Q
< Back to Parkinson's Symptoms
Links to the symptoms of Parkinson's in alphabetical order:
A | B | C | D | E |
F - G | H | I - L | M - N | O |
P - Q | R | S | T | U - Z |