Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/A
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The A-Z of Parkinson's Symptoms
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Note: 'A' is a prefix of Greek derivation meaning 'Without'
- e.g Asymptomatic means 'Without symptoms'.
Aboulia (lack of will or initiative)
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Lack of will or initiative There is an alternative spelling ’Abulia’. This symptom can come about through trauma or as a result of Deep Brain Stimulation. It can also arise from non-Parkinsonian causes such as degeneration of or surgery upon the frontal lobes. Common features of aboulia are:- • Difficulty in initiating and sustaining purposeful movements • Lack of spontaneous movement • Reduced spontaneous movement • Increased response-time to queries • Passivity • Reduced emotional responsiveness and spontaneity • Reduced social interactions • Reduced interest in usual pastimes This has been described by:- Doder et al (1999) Parkinson's syndrome after closed head injury: a single case report [1]
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Agnosia (difficulties in action or perception)
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Redirected to Apraxia: ( To subpage for editing >> )
This has been studied by:-
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Agrypnia (persistent sleeplessness)
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Redirected to Insomnia: ( To subpage for editing >> ) Disturbed sleep May include Agrypnia The following references are relevant:- Schutte-Rodin et al (2008)Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults [1]
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Akathesia (restless legs)
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Redirected to Restless Legs Syndrome: ( To subpage for editing >> ) Uncontrollable, involuntary movement of the legs and feet The following references are relevant:- Gao et al (2010) Restless Legs Syndrome and Erectile Dysfunction[1] Gao et al (2010) Restless legs syndrome and Parkinson’s disease in men[2] Pourcher et al (2010) Compulsive habits in restless legs syndrome patients under dopaminergic treatment [3] Peeraully and Tan (2012) Linking restless legs syndrome with Parkinson's disease: clinical, imaging and genetic evidence [4] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802250/ Further Researchedit
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Akinesia (freezing of gait)
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Redirected to Freezing of gait ( To subpage for editing >> ) Inability to initiate locomotion The following references are relevant:- Morris et al (2010) Striding Out With Parkinson Disease: Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for Gait Disorders [1] Maidan et al (2010) Heart rate changes during freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson's disease [2] Espay et al(2012) “On” state freezing of gait in Parkinson disease - A paradoxical levodopa-induced complication [3] Further Researchedit
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Algolagnia (excessive sexual activity)
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Redirected to Hypersexuality: Hypersexuality Excessive sexual activity (Related symptoms: Satyriasis, Sadomachism) The following references are relevant:- Witjas et al (2012) Addictive behaviors and Parkinson's disease. [1]
Pereira et al (2013) Screening hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease in everyday practice. [3] Further Research
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Amimia (fixed and vacant expression)
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Fixed and vacant expression (masking) Very little research has been carried out on this common PD symptom but the following are relevant :- Allen (1931) The Dissociation of voluntary and emotional movements of the face with special reference to emotional paresis as a physical sign [2] Hemmesch et al (2009)The Influence of Facial Masking and Sex on Older Adults’ Impressions of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease. [3] Clark et al (2011) Visual Exploration of Emotional Facial Expressions in Parkinson's Disease [4] Tickle-Degnen et al (2011) Culture, Gender and Health Care Stigma: Practitioners’ Response to Facial Masking Experienced by People with Parkinson’s Disease < [5] Further Researchedit
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Aphagia(inability to swallow)
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Inability to swallow Swallowing problems are frequently reported by PD patients but the symptom awaits detailed scientific research. The following references are relevant:- eHealthMe (1977)Could Parkinson's disease cause Aphagia? A study of 26 patients [1] eHealthMe (1977) Could Azilect cause Aphagia? [2] Russell et al (2010) Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease [3] Further Researchedit
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Aphonia (inability to make sounds)
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Aphonia: Inability to make sounds. ( To subpage for editing >> ) Inability to make sounds The following references are relevant:- Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review [1] Russell et al (2010) Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease [2] Hallett (2011) Psychogenic Parkinsonism [3]
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Aphrenia(stoppage of thought)
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Aphrenia: Stoppage of thought Redirected to Dementia: ( To subpage for editing >> ) Abnormal progressive decline in cognitive function See also Cognitive Impairment The following references are relevant. Leverenz et al, (2009) Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Patients with Parkinson Disease [1] Johnson and Galvin (2011) Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia [2] Weintraub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease [3] Further Research
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Apnoea (stoppage of breathing)
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Arrest of breathing There is an alternative spelling " Apnea". This is most frequently observed sleep disorder. During apnoea there is no movement of air in or out of the lungs. There is a considerable body of literature on this Symptom. Here are a few references and a general search tool: Chotinaiwattarakui et al (2010) Risk of sleep-disordered breathing in Parkinson's disease [1] Univ. of California clinical Trials. (2012). Study into the cognitive benefits of treating sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease [2] Lelieveld et al (2012) The Role of Serotonin in Sleep Disordered Breathing Associated with Parkinson Disease: A Correlative DASB PET Imaging Study [3] Further Research
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Apraxia (difficulties in action or perception)
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This has been studied by:-
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Ataxia(lack of voluntary co-ordination of muscle movements)
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Lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements The following references are relevant:- Nocera et al Impaired Step Up/Over in Persons With Parkinson’s Disease[1] Paquette et al (2011) Walking in circles: navigation deficits from Parkinson's disease but not from cerebellar ataxia [2] Chaturvedi and Flint (2013) Mitochondrial Diseases of the Brain. [3] Further Researchedit
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Athetosis (involuntary movements of the face, tongue and extremities)
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Involuntary movements of the face, tongue and extremities. A number of projects have concentrated on this symptom:- Neilson (1974) Measurement of involuntary arm movement in athetotic patients [1] Hallett and Alvarez (1983) Attempted rapid elbow movements in patients with athetosis [2] Further Researchedit
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Automatism (forced obedience to external stimulli or commands)
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Forced obedience to external stimuli or commands. Some potentially relevant references are:- Allain et al (1995) Explicit and procedural memory in Parkinson's disease. [1] Allain et al (1995) Procedural memory and Parkinson's disease. [2] Perez-Velazquez (2012) The biophysical bases of will-less behaviours [3] Further Researchedit
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< Back to Parkinson's Symptoms
Links to the symptoms of Parkinson's in alphabetical order:
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