Literature/1946/Orwell

Authors
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Orwell, George (1946). "Politics and the English Language." Horizon, vol. 13, no. 76 (April), 252-265.

Reprints

• Davison, Peter, ed. (1998). The Complete Works of George Orwell (Vol. 17: I Belong to the Left: 1945). London: Secker and Warburg, 1998. pp. 421-432.

Excerpts

• Political language -- and with variations this is true of all political parties, from Conservatives to Anarchists -- is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. [1]

More...

• Google Books [2]
• Google Books [3]

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Chronology

• Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. ^{[^]}
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Publishing. ^{[^]}
• Hayakawa, S. I. (1949). Language in Thought and Action. Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1949. ^{[^]}
• Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. London: Secker and Warburg, 1949. ^{[^]}
• Ryle, Gilbert (1949). The Concept of Mind. University Of Chicago Press. ^{[^]}
• Orwell, George (1946). "Politics and the English Language." Horizon, vol. 13, no. 76 (April), 252-265. ^{[^]}
• Huxley, Aldous (1940). Words and Their Meanings. The Ward Ritchie Press, 1940. ^{[^]}
• Chase, Stuart (1938). The Tyranny of Words. Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1938. ^{[^]}
• Wells, H. G. (1938). World Brain. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co. ^{[^]}
• Richards, I. A. (1936). The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press. ^{[^]}
• Korzybski, Alfred (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. 5th ed., Institute of General Semantics, 1994. ^{[^]}
• Magritte, René (1933). The Human Condition (La condition humaine). National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. ^{[^]}
• Wells, H. G. (1933). The Shape of Things to Come. Hutchinson. ^{[^]}
• Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New World. Harper Perennial, 1932. ^{[^]}
• Empson, William (1930). Seven Types of Ambiguity, 2nd ed., London: Chatto & Windus, 1949. ^{[^]}
• Frank, Jerome (1930). Law and the Modern Mind. Peter Smith, 1930. ^{[^]}
• Ogden, C. K. (1930). Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar. London: Paul Treber. ^{[^]}
• Magritte, René (1929). The Treachery of Images (La trahison des images). Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California. ^{[^]}
• Russell, Bertrand (1926). "The Meaning of Meaning." Dial, vol.81 (August 1926) pp. 114-121. ^{[^]}
• Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. ^{[^]}
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1922). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Frank P. Ramsey & C. K. Ogden, trans., Kegan Paul, 1922. ^{[^]}
• Russell, Bertrand (1921). The Analysis of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin. ^{[^]}
• Watson, John B. (1913). "Psychology as the behaviorist views it," Psychological Review, 20, pp. 158-177. ^{[^]}
• Welby, Victoria Lady (1911). Significs and Language: The Articulate Form of Our Expressive and Interpretive Resources. H. Walter Schmitz, ed., John Benjamins, 1985. ^{[^]}
• Russell, Bertrand (1905). "On Denoting." Mind, vol. 14, pp. 479-493. ^{[^]}
• Wells, H. G. (1905). A Modern Utopia. New York, NY: Penguin Group, 2005. ^{[^]}
• Pavlov, Ivan (1903). "The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals." The 14th International Medical Congress, Madrid, Spain, April 23-30, 1903. ^{[^]}

Notes

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The shade of the bar looks invariant in isolation but variant in context, in (favor of) sharp contrast with the color gradient background, hence an innate illusion we have to reasonably interpret and overcome as well as the mirage. Such variance appearing seasonably from context to context may not only be the case with our vision but worldview in general in practice indeed, whether a priori or a posteriori. Perhaps no worldview from nowhere, without any point of view or prejudice at all! Ogden & Richards (1923) said, "All experience ... is either enjoyed or interpreted ... or both, and very little of it escapes some degree of interpretation." H. G. Wells (1938) said, "The human individual is born now to live in a society for which his fundamental instincts are altogether inadequate."