Votian/Imperative
< Votian
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Morphemes
edit1. | Analytic only | -kama |
2. | -k | -ka'a |
3. | -ko'on | -ko'ot |
- The first person of singular has only analytic imperative both in Ingria and Estonia.
- The first person of plural uses usually present tense instead of imperative both in Ingria and Estonia.
- Analytic expressions are also possible.
- The morpheme -kama ocurres in Alutaguse runic songs and is often written as -kamme or -gamme e.g. laulagamme ('Let us sing!') [3] [4], but the orthography of those texts is not reliable. So we can not be sure, how it was pronounced by native speakers.
- The vowel a alternates with ä in Lüganuse (and Kodavere) according to vowel harmony rules [5] e.g. jättäGä ('Leave (it)!').
- See the previous lesson for the second person imperatives.
- Morpheme -ko'ot of the third person of plural:
- Pronunciation of Jõgõperä dialect
- depends in consonant gradation of suffixes [6]
- -gōD after unstressed syllables of vowel stems e.g. tširjotte̮gōD ('Let them write!').
- otherwise it is pronounced -kōD e.g. e̮лkōD ('Let them be!').
- The vowel of this suffix remains always the same regardless to vowel harmony rules [7] [8] e.g. jättägōD ('Let them leave (it)!').
- depends in consonant gradation of suffixes [6]
- In all the other dialects it is not distinguishable from the singular suffix -ko'on.
- Pronunciation of Jõgõperä dialect
- Morpheme -ko'on of the third person of singular:
- Pronunciation of Ingria
- depends in consonant gradation of suffixes [9]
- -gō after unstressed syllables of vowel stems e.g. tširjottagō ('Let him write!').
- otherwise it is pronounced -kō e.g. e̮лkō ('Let him be!').
- The vowel of this suffix remains always the same regardless to vowel harmony rules [10] [11] e.g. jättägō ('Let him leave (it)!').
- depends in consonant gradation of suffixes [9]
- Lüganuse dialect of Alutaguse
- All the long vowels without primary stress have been shortened (influenced by Mid Estonian dialect) e.g. tehko ('Let him do!').
- The counterpart of g is semi-voiced G e.g. anDaGo ('Let him give!').
- G has finally replaced even k in voiced environment (influenced by Mid Estonian dialect) e.g. süöGo ('Let him eat!') [12].
- Pronunciation of Ingria
In all dialects both in Ingria and Estonia:
- Singular of the second person imperative never follows any consonant stem e.g. e̮лe̮G ~ e̮лe̮ ('Be!').
- All the other imperative suffixes take a consonant stem if possible e.g. e̮лkōD ('Let them be!' in Jõgõperä dialect).
- Singular of the second person imperative is always in a grade opposite to any other suffixal imperative form caused by consonant gradation in stems e.g. jättägō ('Let him leave (it)!') vs. jätä ('Leave (it)!').
- Singular of the 3. person's imperative -ko'on (< -*kohen < ? -*kaihen) is probably composed of imperative component -k + 3. person's singular hen [13].
- Vowels of the subsequent syllables have been assimilated -kohon.
- h was lost.
- o of subsequent syllables melt into ō.
- The final n melt into ō.
- Long vowels disappeared in the dialects of Estonia.
- The final t of the third person of plural -ko'ot ( < ? -*kaihet) comes from plural nominative and has been preserved in some other Finnic dialects too e.g. in neighbouring Kudruküla dialect of Vaivara kuolekot ('Let them die!') [14] .
- Plural of the 1. person's imperative is probably composed of imperative component -k + plural 1. person's ma like it's counterpart of the second person.
The third person of singular
- Standard Finnish : luke-koon ('Let him read!')
- Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luge-kkah ('Let him read!')
- Vepsian dialects : luge-gaha ('Let him read!')
- Ingrian dialects : luGe-Gā(n) ('Let him read!')
- Standard Estonian : luge-gu ('Let him read!')
- Livonian dialects : las lu ̉ggə̑-G ('Let him read!')
The third person of plural
- Standard Finnish : luke-koot (~ luke-kaat in some dialects) ('Let them read!')
- Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luge-kkah ('Let them read!')
- Vepsian dialects : luge-gaha ('Let them read!')
- Ingrian dialects : luGe-Gasse(G)) ('Let them read!')
- Standard Estonian : luge-gu ('Let them read!')
- Livonian dialects : lu ̉ggə̑-gə̑D ('Let them read!')
The first person of plural
- Standard Finnish : luke-kaamme ('Let us read!')
- Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : paŋ-gama ('Let us put (something somewhere)!')
- Vepsian dialects : luge-gam ('Let us read!')
- Standard Estonian : luge-gem ('Let us read!')
- Livonian dialects : las lu ̉ggə̑-gə̑D ('Let us read!')
References
edit- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 81
- ↑ Laanest, Arvo: Sissejuhatus läänemeresoome keeltesse, Tallinn 1975. p.173
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 255
- ↑ Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Haho, 98; (in Estonian Literary Museum)
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 135, 255
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 19
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 81
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 8
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 19
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 81
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 8
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 256
- ↑ Laanest, Arvo: Sissejuhatus läänemeresoome keeltesse, Tallinn 1975. p.154
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 256
- ↑ Laanest, Arvo: Sissejuhatus läänemeresoome keeltesse, Tallinn 1975. p.154
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