Votian/Plural Nominative

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Plural nominative

	Singular	Plural
Nominative marker		-t

• Nominative case has no marker.
  • Plural nominative has only a plural marker -t . It may take only a vowel stem.
  • Thus singular nominative is usually in a grade opposite to plural nominative, caused by consonant gradation in stems e.g. seppä ('a blacksmith') vs. sepäD ('blacksmiths'), ammaz ('a tooth') vs. ampāD ('teeth') .
• Singular nominative may be represented by a multisyllable consonant stem where available e.g. vare̮hse̮-D ('crows') vs. singular nominative vare̮z ('a crow').
  • A monosyllable consonant stem will have an additional -i in it's end e.g. singular partitive kuus-ta ('fir') vs. singular nominative kuus-i.
  • The plural nominative marker -t may be pronounced -t, -D or -d caused by sandhi . E.g. :
    • in the absolute end - lehmä-D ('cows' )
    • in front of a voiceless consonant - tüttäre-t ̮tulivaD ('The daughters came.' )
    • in front of a voiced consonant - tüttäre-d ̮dūmasivaD ('The daughters thought.' )

Declensions

Consonant stems occur in limited declensions. Their stem-vowel (originally e) was omitted in front of certain morphemes only. Those morphemes started with k, n or t. The stem-consonant was h, *k (> h), l, n, r, s or t.

m was later replaced with n, when stem-vowel was dropped e.g. лum-i ('snow') nominative , лume̮-лta ('from the snow') ablative vs. лun-ta ('(Take some) snow') partitive .

Following declension types have consonant stems :

• X Declension: -e stems e.g. plural nominative tuлe̮-D vs. singular nominative tul-i, singular partitive tuл-ta ('fire').
• XI Declension: -ks stems e.g. plural nominative vare̮hse̮-D vs. singular nominative vare̮z, singular partitive vare̮s-sa ('crow') < *vare̮s-ta.
• XII Declension: -nen stems e.g. plural nominative naize̮-D vs. singular nominative nain(e̮ ), singular partitive nais-sa ('wife') < *nais-ta.
• XIII Declension: -n stems e.g. plural nominative sēmene-D vs. singular nominative sēmē, singular partitive sēmē-tä ('seed') < *sēmen-ta.
• XIII Declension: -m stems e.g. plural nominative ve̮ttime̮-D vs. singular nominative ve̮tī, singular partitive ve̮tī-ta ('key') < *ve̮tin-ta.
• XIII Declension: -nt stems e.g. plural nominative ke̮лme̮tte̮̮me̮̮-D vs. singular nominative ke̮лme̮z, singular partitive ke̮лme̮t-te̮̮ ('the third') < *ke̮лme̮tte̮̮n-ta Jõgõperä dialect.
• XIV Declension: -s stems e.g. plural nominative ampā-D vs. singular nominative ammaz, singular partitive ammas-sa ('tooth') < *ammas-ta.
• XIV Declension: -k stems e.g. plural nominative sitē̮-D vs. singular nominative sie̮, singular partitive sie̮t-ta ('tie') < *sie̮k-ta.
• XIV Declension: -h stems e.g. plural nominative ernē-D vs. singular nominative erne, singular partitive erneh-tä ('pea') .
• XV Declension: -t stems e.g. plural nominative lühǖ-D < *lühüe-t < *lühüte-t vs. singular nominative lühüD, singular partitive lühüt-tä ('short').

See also

• Grammar of Votian dialects (syllabus)

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