Votian/Consonant Gradation
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Consonant gradation
editConsonant gradation is a remnant of sound changes, which have occurred in past, but still act as morphophonologic rules in the modern grammar, even though their conditions are difficult to see in the present phonetic structure of words. See the examples below.
Consonant gradation of suffixes
editObstruents are weakened after unstressed syllables [1].
E.g. for the plural 2. person of imperative the suffixes are:
- -kā after a stressed syllable e.g. e̮лkā ('Be!').
- -gā after an unstressed syllable e.g. tširjottagā ('Write!').
Consonant gradation of stems
editObstruents were weakened in the beginning of closed syllables with short vowels [2] [3].
Plural and singular of the second person imperative are always in opposite grades e.g. :
- Plural: jättägā < *jättä-ka'a ('Leave (it)!'). The last syllable of the stem (tä) was open.
- Singular: jätä < *jättä-k (jätäG in Eastern Votic dialect). The last syllable of the stem (täk) was closed by an imperative suffix k.
Singular nominative is usually in a grade opposite to plural nominative e.g. seppä ('a blacksmith') vs. sepäD ('blacksmiths'), ammaz ('a tooth') vs. ampāD ('teeth') .
Strong grade |
Week grade |
Example |
Translation |
---|---|---|---|
kk |
k | tüttärikko : tüttärikoD | girl : girls |
tt |
t | ravvottamā : ravvotan | to shoe (a horse) : I shoe. |
pp |
p | rōppa : rōpassa | porridge : From the porridge. |
ss |
s | issua : isun | to sit : I sit. |
šš |
š | karjušši : karjušiD | herdsman : herdsmen |
tts |
ts | suлttsia : suлtsin | to flush : I flush. |
ttš |
tš | tšilttši : tšiltšiD | grasshopper : grasshoppers |
ttš |
d́d́ | väittšiä : väd́d́i (~ väd́d́i-G) | to call : call (singular imperative ) |
k |
g | tšako : tšagō (<* käko-n) | cuckoo : cuckoo's ( singular genitive ) |
hk |
hg | tuhka : tuhgassa | ashes : from ashes |
ŋk |
ŋg | kaŋkāD : kaŋgaZ | fabrics : fabric |
sk |
zg | pǟsko : pǟzgō (<* pǟsko-n) | swallow : swallow's ( singular genitive ) |
sk |
zz | лaske̮a : лazze̮n | to let : I let. |
šk |
žg | šiška : šižgā | rag : rag's ( singular genitive ) |
rk |
rg | varkāD : vargaZ | thieves : thief |
лk |
лg | jaлka : jaлgassa | foot : from the foot |
pk |
bg | šapka : šabgā | cap : cap's ( singular genitive ) |
tk |
dg | matka : madgā | journey : journey's ( singular genitive ) |
tšk |
džg | botška : bodžgaD | barrel : barrels |
t |
h (in some dialects) | se̮ta : se̮hā | war : war's ( singular genitive ) |
t |
̨ | se̮ta : se̮ ̨ ā | war : war's ( singular genitive ) |
t |
ø | sitē̮ : sie̮ | tie's ( singular genitive ) : tie |
t |
d | täti : tädiD | aunt : aunts |
ut |
vv | лauta : лavvaллa | table : on the table |
üt |
vv | leütǟ : levvän | to find : I find. |
t |
d́d́ | vītēsē : vid́d́ē | five ( singular illative ) : five's ( singular genitive ) |
ht |
h | lehto : lehō | leaf : leaf's ( singular genitive ) |
nt |
nn | lintu : linnū | bird : bird's ( singular genitive ) |
nt |
n (after a long vowel) | tšǟntǟ : tšǟnän | to turn : I turn. |
lt |
ll | ||
lt |
l (after a long vowel) | tšēltǟ : tšēlettü | forbid : forbidden |
лt |
лл | pe̮лto : pe̮ллō | field : field's ( singular genitive ) |
лt |
л (after a long vowel) | ||
rt |
rr | ke̮rta : ke̮rrā | occasion : occasion's ( singular genitive ) |
rt |
r (after a long vowel) | ūrtē̮D : ūre̮ | crozes : croze |
p |
v | ope̮n : ove̮ssa | horse ( singular nominative ) : ( singular partitive ) |
mp |
mm | sampāD : sammaZ | pillars : pillar |
lp |
lv | ||
лp |
лv | ke̮лpāB : ke̮лvataG | suits : to suit |
rp |
rv | varpāD : varvaZ | toes : toe |
s |
z | pikkaraisia : pikkaraize̮D | the small ones ( plural partitive ) : ( plural nominative ) |
hs |
hz | lähsi : lähzin | he went : I went |
rs |
rz | pe̮rsāD : pe̮rzaZ | piglets : piglet |
š |
ž | m a š a : m a š ā | Mary ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
tš |
dž (in Eastern Votic dialect) | retši : redžē | sledge ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
tš |
ø | itšä : iä | age ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
tše |
je (in some dialects) | mätši : mäjeD | hill ( singular nominative ) : ( plural nominative ) |
tš |
d́ | autši : aud́iD | pike ( singular nominative ) : ( plural nominative ) |
tš |
g | лatši : лagē̮ | ceiling ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
htš |
zg | kahtši : kazgē̮ | birch ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
htš |
zz | lehtši : lezzē | widow ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
htš |
žž (in Jõgõperä dialect etc.) | lehtši : ležžē | widow ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
htš |
zd́ (in Eastern Votic dialect) | lehtši : lezd́essi | widow ( singular nominative ) : ( singular translative ) |
htš |
hd́ (in Eastern Votic dialect) | tähtši : tähd́eD | spikelet ~ raceme ( singular nominative ) : ( plural nominative ) |
htš |
hj | pühtšēD : pühje | towels ( plural nominative ) : ( singular nominative ) |
ntš |
nd́ | entši : end́ē | soul ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
ntš |
ndž́ | entši : endžē | soul ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
ntš |
nn | tšentšä : tšennǟ | shoe ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
лtš |
лg | eлtši : eлgē̮̮̄ | straw ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
ltš |
ll | seltšä : sellässä | back ( singular nominative ) : ( singular adessive ) |
rtš |
rdž (in Eastern Votic dialect) | ärtšä : ärdžǟ | ox ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
rtš |
rj | ärtšä : ärjǟ | ox ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
rtš |
rd́ | särtši : särd́illä | roach ( singular nominative ) : ( plural adessive ) |
rtš |
rg | kurtši : kurgē̮̮̄ | crane ( singular nominative ) : ( singular genitive ) |
References
editSee also
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