Votian/Vowel Harmony
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Vowel harmony [1]Edit
Back | Front |
---|---|
i̮ | i |
u | ü |
o | ö |
e̮ | e |
a | ä |
RulesEdit
- Every back vowel has it's counterpart among front vowels.
- Originally a word and it's suffixes could have either back vowels or front vowels only and never both of them.
- In practical terms, we might say that, if a word stem has any back vowel, then every suffix added to it may have back vowels only and vice versa e.g. levvettägō vs. ve̮te̮ttagō [2].
E.g. levvettī vs. ve̮te̮ttī [4].
ExceptionsEdit
- CERTAIN SUFFIXES DO NOT FOLLOW VOWEL HARMONY RULES.
- ö is found in the first syllable only, excluding some Ingrian and Finnish loanwords and derivation suffixes [5]. Thus the following suffixes have no front vowel alternative:
- pesi-ko ('Did he wash?')
- elkō jättägō ('Let him not leave (it)!') [6]
- tüttär-ikko ('girl')
- pette-likko ('cheatful')
- petä-zikko ('pine forest')
- pǟ-tō ('headless')
- Votian Imperative endings have back and front alternatives only in Lüganuse (and Kodavere) dialects [7]
- sȫ-kā ('Eat!')
- The following suffixes have no front vowel alternative either:
- leivǟ-kā ('with bread')
- vere-kaz ('bloody')
- päivü-kke̮in ('sun')
- venä-лain ('a Russian')
- ȫ-nikka ('the one who spends a night (in a dorm etc.)')
- tšülǟ-ssā ('to the village (edge)')
- viďďe-ttomā ('the fifth's' <= genitive of viďďe-tō)
- CERTAIN ONOMATOPOETIC WORDS DO NOT FOLLOW VOWEL HARMONY RULES.
- E.g. rǟkkumā ('shout')
- CERTAIN LOANWORDS DO NOT FOLLOW VOWEL HARMONY RULES.
- E.g. rǟtua mȫ ('in lines' ~ Russian: ряд)
- SOME OLD COMPOUND WORDS DO NOT FOLLOW VOWEL HARMONY RULES.
- E.g. kasta ('this' (partitive of ka-ze))
- E.g. kaneita ('these ~ them' (partitive of ka-ne))
- SOME OLD COMPOUND WORDS REPRESENT REGRESSIVE VOWEL HARMONY.
- E.g. ähüppǟlē ('onto an oven' < *ahjon pǟllen)
Vaiga and Alutaguse dialectsEdit
- Vowel harmony has almost disappeared in Vaiga and Alutaguse dialects (excluding Lüganuse and Kodavere) (influenced by Mid Estonian dialect).
- Front vowels were finally preserved only in the second syllables before they were completely replaced with their back counterparts e.g. käsku ('order, demand' in Lüganuse dialect < *käskü ) or süö-Du ('eaten' in Lüganuse dialect < *süö-Dü ).
- Nevertheless e̮ was replaced with e like in Mid Estonian dialect).
- e may have substituted ä in some words [8] e.g. lüpseDä ('to milk (a cow)' in Lüganuse dialect < lüpsäDä).
- ä may have falsely substituted a following a syllable, which includes e or i, even though the stem could have back vowels [9] e.g. ammasteGä ('with teeth' in Lüganuse dialect), e̮liväD ('they were').
- ä may have substituted even e of the second syllable, if the first syllable includes ä or ü [10] e.g. üläs ('upwards' in Lüganuse dialect < üles) or pǟlä ('onto' in Lüganuse dialect < *pǟlle ).
- ü may have been substituted by i in the second syllable of a stem, if the first syllable includes a short ü e.g. tüli [11] ('quarrel' in Lüganuse dialect) or püssiD ('guns' in Lüganuse dialect < *püssüD ).
- In Lüganuse dialect only the a | ä opposition remained active [12] e.g. jättäGä ('Leave (it)!') vs. tuoGa ('Bring (it)!') or tüöGä ('with work') vs. maaGa ('with earth').
- The u | ü opposition has left only rudiments [13] e.g. küsütti ('it was asked') or kinniDettüD ('fixed').
- There are traces of late o | ö opposition like in Eastern Vaivara dialects [14] e.g. örsöttämä ('to boast').
- In Lüganuse dialect only the a | ä opposition remained active [12] e.g. jättäGä ('Leave (it)!') vs. tuoGa ('Bring (it)!') or tüöGä ('with work') vs. maaGa ('with earth').
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 8
- ↑ Votian indefinite imperative
- ↑ Votian phonology
- ↑ Votian imperfect tense of indefinite voice
- ↑ Votian phonology
- ↑ Votian Imperative
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 135, 255
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 136
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 137
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 138
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 139
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 135, 137, 255
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 139
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 139
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