Votian/Second Person Imperative
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The second person (direct order)
editMorpheme | -k | -ka'a |
- The morpheme -k is pronounced as -G in Eastern Votic dialect. All the other dialects both in Ingria and Estonia have lost the phoneme *k in the end of words e.g. tširje̮taG ~ tširjota (~ Alutaguse: kirjotta ~ kirjutta) ('Write!').
- The morpheme -ka'a
- Pronunciation of Ingria
- depends in consonant gradation of suffixes [2]
- -gā after unstressed syllables of vowel stems e.g. tširjottagā ('Write!').
- otherwise it is pronounced -kā e.g. e̮лkā ('Be!').
- The vowel of any imperative suffix remains always the same regardless to vowel harmony rules [3] [4] e.g. jättägā ('Leave (it)!').
- depends in consonant gradation of suffixes [2]
- Lüganuse dialect of Alutaguse
- All the long vowels without primary stress have been shortened (influenced by Mid Estonian dialect).
- The counterpart of g is semi-voiced G e.g. paluGa ('Beg!').
- G has finally replaced even k in voiced environment (influenced by Mid Estonian dialect) e.g. e̮lGa ('Be!').
- The vowel a alternates with ä in Lüganuse (and Kodavere) according to vowel harmony rules [5] e.g. jättäGä ('Leave (it)!') vs. tuoGa ('Bring (it)!').
- Pronunciation of Ingria
In all dialects both in Ingria and Estonia:
- Plural of the second person imperative takes a consonant stem if possible e.g. e̮лkā ('Be!').
- Singular of the second person imperative never follows any consonant stem e.g. e̮лe̮G ('Be!').
- Plural and singular of the second person imperative are always in opposite grades caused by consonant gradation in stems e.g. jättä-gā vs. jätä ('Leave (it)!') or page̮t-kā vs. pake̮ne̮ ('Escape!').
- Plural of the 2. person's imperative -ka'a (< -*kata) is probably composed of imperative component -k + plural 2. person's ta [6].
- t was lost due to the consonant gradation in suffixes [7].
- a of the subsequent syllables melt into ā.
- Long vowels disappeared in the dialects of Estonia.
- Singular
- Standard Finnish : lue (~ lue-k in some dialects) ('Read!')
- Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luve ('Read!')
- Vepsian dialects : luge ('Read!')
- Hevaha Ingrian : lue-G ('Read!')
- Standard Estonian : loe ('Read!')
- Võro dialects : ann̆a-ʔ ('Give!')
- Livonian dialects : lu ̉-G ('Read!')
- Plural
- Standard Finnish : luke-kaa ('Read!')
- Savo dialects : anto-a < *anta-k̆at̆a ('Give!') (due to the consonant gradation in suffixes)
- Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luge-kki̮a ('Read!')
- Lude Karelian dialects : luge-gat̄ ('Read!')
- Vepsian dialects : luge-gat ('Read!')
- Ingrian dialects : luGe-Gā(n) ('Read!')
- Standard Estonian : luge-ge ('Read!')
- Old scriptures in Tartu dialect : wöt-ket ('Take!') (by Joachim Rossihnius)
- Livonian dialects : lu ̉ggi-giD ('Read!')
References
edit- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 81
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 19
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 81
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 8
- ↑ Must, Mari 1987. Kirderannikumurre: häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. p. 255
- ↑ Laanest, Arvo: Sissejuhatus läänemeresoome keeltesse, Tallinn 1975. p.153
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 19
- ↑ Laanest, Arvo: Sissejuhatus läänemeresoome keeltesse, Tallinn 1975. p.163
See also
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