Votian/Pronouns
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Paradigm
editInflection of pronouns and pointers | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interrogative | Distal demonstrative | Proximal demonstrative | Alternative | Indefinite | Negative | Universal | ||||||||
Adverbs | ||||||||||||||
manner ( instructive ) | kui (ku, ko) | how | nī (nennī, kannī, Eastern Votic dialect: kannīG) | so | muitē̮ | elsehow, in another way; (for nothing) | kuilēB [2] [3] | somehow | ||||||
cause-purpose ( translative ) | mihsi (missi, mihē̮ , minē-peräs̄ , Mati dialect: mi) | why | senē perässä (senperäs̄ ) | therefor | muite̮z | otherwise; for no reason, for nothing | misselē Luuditsa dialect [4] [5] | for some reason or other | ||||||
time ( essive) | ke̮nz (kē̮z, kē̮) | when | sīz (size̮ , siz) | then | nüD (nüttä, Jõgõperä dialect: nüt̄ ; para.iko) | now | muinā | other times - long ago [6] | kē̮zlēB [7] | sometimes | ||||
direction ( allative and illative ) | kuhē̮ | where (to) | sinne (Eastern Votic dialect: sinneG) | there (to) | tänne (Eastern Votic dialect: tänneG) | here (to) | muvvaлē̮ (mūvvaлē̮ , Luuditsa dialect: mujā) | elsewhere (to) | kuhē̮lēB [8] | somewhere (to) | ||||
location ( adessive and inessive ) | kuza | where | siällä | there | tǟllä (kassenna) | here | muvvaллa | elsewhere | kuzalēB [9] | somewhere | ||||
ablative-direction ( ablative and elative ) | kussa | where (from) | siältä | there (from) | tǟltä | here (from) | muvvaлta | elsewhere (from) | kussalēB [10] | somewhere (from) | ||||
Numerals | ||||||||||||||
Cardinals | ||||||||||||||
Cardinal numeral ( singular nominative) | mitō ~ mittoma | how many | sitō ~ sittoma | that many | mitō sitō | quite many | me̮ni | some | eb ̮ ühsīD | none | je̮ka ~ ke̮ikki | every, all | ||
Cardinal numeral ( singular genitive ) | mittomā | how many | sittomā | that many | mittomā sittomā | quite many | me̮nē̮ | some | ||||||
Cardinal numeral ( singular partitive) | me̮nta | how many | sittomā | that many | mittomā sittomā | quite many | me̮nta | some | ||||||
Ordinals | ||||||||||||||
Ordinal numeral ( singular nominative) | me̮ne̮iZ [11] | which | such | |||||||||||
Nouns | ||||||||||||||
Singular | ||||||||||||||
Singular nominative | mi(kä) | what | se | that | kase̮ | this | mū | another, else | mikälēB | something | eb ̮ mikäiD [12] | nothing | ke̮ikki | everything |
Singular partitive | mitä | what | sitä | that | kasta | this | mūta | another, else | mitälēB | something | eb ̮ mitäiD | nothing | ke̮ikke̮a [13] | everything |
Singular genitive | minē | what | senē | that | kazē̮ | this | mū | another, else | minelēB [14] | something | eb ̮ miz̆zeiD [15] | nothing | ke̮ikē̮ | everything |
Singular illative | mihē ~ minēsē | what | sihē | that | kasē̮sē̮ | this | muhū [16] | another, else | mihelēB [17] | something | eb ̮ miheiD [18] | nothing | ke̮ikkē̮(sē̮) [19] | everything |
Singular inessive | minezä ? | what | senezä ~ sīnä | that | kaze̮za ~ kaze̮nna | this | mūza | another, else | minezälēB ? | something | eb ̮ minezäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikke̮za [20] | everything |
Singular elative | minessä | what | senessä ~ sītä | that | kaze̮ssa ~ kaze̮nna | this | mūssa | another, else | minessälēB ? | something | eb ̮ minessäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ike̮ssa | everything |
Singular allative | millē | what | senelē ~ sille | that | kaze̮лē̮ | this | mūлē̮ | another, else | millelēB ? | something | eb ̮ milleiD ? | nothing | ke̮ike̮лē̮ | everything |
Singular adessive | millä | what | senellä ~ sillä | that | kaze̮ллa | this | mūллa | another, else | millälēB ? | something | eb ̮ milläiD ? | nothing | ke̮ike̮ллa | everything |
Singular ablative | miltä | what | seneltä ~ siltä | that | kaze̮лta | this | mūлta | another, else | miltälēB ? | something | eb ̮ miltäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ike̮лta | everything |
Singular translative | mihsi | what | senessi | that | kaze̮ssi | this | mūssi | another, else | missilēB ? | something | eb ̮ mihseiD ? | nothing | ke̮ike̮ssi | everything |
Singular comitative | minēkā | what | senēkā | that | kazē̮kā | this | mūkā | another, else | minēkalēB ? | something | eb ̮ minēkaiD ~ eb ̮ miz̆zeit ̮kā ? | nothing | ke̮ikē̮kā | everything |
Plural | ||||||||||||||
Plural nominative | miD | what | neD | those | kane̮D | these | mūD | another ones | mikälēB | something | eb ̮ mikäiD [21] | nothing | ke̮ikki ? | everything |
Plural partitive | mitä | what | nītä | those | kane̮ita | these | muita | another ones | mitälēB | something | eb ̮ mitäiD | nothing | ke̮ikkia [22] | everything |
Plural genitive | minē | what | ninnē | those | kane̮jē | these | mud́d́ē | another ones | minelēB [23] | something | eb ̮ miz̆zeiD [24] | nothing | ke̮ikkī [25] | everything |
Plural illative | mihē ~ minēsē | what | nīsē ? | those | kane̮isē̮ ? | these | muisē̮ [26] | another ones | mihelēB [27] | something | eb ̮ miheiD [28] | nothing | ke̮ikkīsē̮ [29] ? | everything |
Plural inessive | minezä ? | what | nīzä | those | kane̮iza | these | muiza | another ones | minezälēB ? | something | eb ̮ minezäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkiza [30] ? | everything |
Plural elative | minessä | what | nīssä | those | kane̮issa | these | muissa | another ones | minessälēB ? | something | eb ̮ minessäiD ? [31] | nothing | ke̮ikkissa ? | everything |
Plural allative | millē | what | nīlē | those | kane̮iлē̮ | these | muiлē̮ | another ones | millelēB ? | something | eb ̮ milleiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkiлē̮ ? | everything |
Plural adessive | millä | what | nīllä | those | kane̮iллa | these | muiллa | another ones | millälēB ? | something | eb ̮ milläiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkiллa ? | everything |
Plural ablative | miltä | what | nīltä | those | kane̮iлta | these | muiлta | another ones | miltälēB ? | something | eb ̮ miltäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkiлta ? | everything |
Plural translative | mihsi | what | nīssi | those | kane̮issi | these | muissi | another ones | missilēB ? | something | eb ̮ mihseiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkissi ? | everything |
Plural comitative | minēkā | what | ninnēkā ? | those | kane̮ikā ? | these | mud́d́ēkā | another ones | minēkalēB ? | something | eb ̮ minēkaiD ~ eb ̮ miz̆zeit ̮kā ? | nothing | ke̮ikkīkā ? | everything |
Adjectives | ||||||||||||||
Singular | ||||||||||||||
Singular nominative | miltin [32] [33] | what kind of | seллain [34] [35] | that kind of | kammuga [36] [37] | this kind of | mū (? te̮ize̮̮ллain ) | another kind of | miltinlēB [38] | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltineiD ? [39] [40] | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллain [41] | every kind of |
Singular partitive | miltissä | what kind of | seллaissa | that kind of | kammugā | this kind of | mūta | another kind of | miltissälēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltissäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaissa | every kind of |
Singular genitive | miltizē | what kind of | seллaizē̮ | that kind of | kammugā | this kind of | mū | another kind of | miltizelēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltizeiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaizē̮ | every kind of |
Singular illative | miltisē(sē) | what kind of | seллaisē̮(sē̮) | that kind of | kammugāsē̮ | this kind of | muhū [42] | another kind of | miltiselēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltiseiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisē̮(sē̮) ? | every kind of |
Singular inessive | miltizezä | what kind of | seллaize̮za | that kind of | kammugaza | this kind of | mūza | another kind of | miltizezälēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltizezäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaize̮za | every kind of |
Singular elative | miltizessä | what kind of | seллaize̮ssa | that kind of | kammugassa | this kind of | mūssa | another kind of | miltizessälēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltizessäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaize̮ssa | every kind of |
Plural | ||||||||||||||
Plural nominative | miltizeD | what kind of | seллaize̮D | that kind of | kammugaD ? | this kind of | mūD | another kind of | miltized ̮ lēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mikäiD ? [43] | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaize̮D | every kind of |
Plural partitive | miltisītä | what kind of | seллaisīta | that kind of | kammugia | this kind of | muita | another kind of | miltisītälēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mitäiD | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisīta | every kind of |
Plural genitive | miltisī(jē) | what kind of | seллaisī(jē) | that kind of | kammugiē | this kind of | mud́d́ē | another kind of | miltisilēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ miz̆zeiD [44] | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisī(jē) | every kind of |
Plural illative | miltisīsē | what kind of | seллaisīsē̮ ? | that kind of | kammugīsē̮ ? | this kind of | muisē̮ [45] | another kind of | miltisīselēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ miheiD [46] | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisīsē̮ | every kind of |
Plural inessive | miltisīzä | what kind of | seллaisīza | that kind of | kammugīza | this kind of | muiza | another kind of | miltisīzä lēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ minezäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisīza | every kind of |
Plural elative | miltisīssä | what kind of | seллaisīssa | that kind of | kammugīssa | this kind of | muissa | another kind of | miltisīssälēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ minessäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisīssa | every kind of |
- All the forms marked with ? are yet nothing but hypothetical constructions.
Declension
editmitō sitō - are declined like the XIII Declension: -m stems .[47]
me̮ne̮iZ - is declined like the kūvve̮iZ .[48] [49]
me̮ni - is declined like the X Declension: -e stems .
Cases of me̮ni may be used instead of those of me̮ne̮iZ .
paĺĺo ["many"] - is declined like the III Declension: -o stems .
vähǟ ["few"] - has no cases but instructive .
An adjective vähäin [" scarce "] - may be used instead it and declined like the XII Declension: -nen stems .
je̮ka [" each "] - is not declined.
An adjective je̮kain [" each "] - may be used instead it and declined like the XII Declension: -nen stems .
koko [" whole "] - is not declined.
Syntax
edit- A simple descriptive question may be composed starting a sentence with an interrogative word. Often you may answer with one word or phrase [50].
- kuhē̮ ke̮rjazit tširvē ? 'Where did you hide the ax?' Luuditsa dialect
- sinne . 'Over there.'
You may answer with more informative words, than the general ones displayed in the table above.
- mitō 'how many' (? <* mitton <* mittom <* mittoma) [51] [52]
- mitō ussa "How many doors?"
- mito entšiä, nī me̮nta end́ē māta, nī me̮nē̮ end́ē mā "How many persons (how many souls can feed themselves on it), so many plots of allotment (so many soul-plots) there are, plots of so many souls." Mati dialect
- mittoma süöjɛä, sittoma luzikkā "How many eaters, so many spoons (are there)." Pummala dialect
- mittomaлta sittomaлta on tšüzüttü "Quite many people were asked." Kattila dialect
- ve̮ttaka sittömǟ silmiä ja mittömǟ miĺĺonia "Take so many eyes and many millions!" Jõgõperä dialect
- me̮nta päivǟ e̮li, sitō päivǟ i ōtte̮li "How many days he spent there, as many days he was waiting."
- me̮ni suv̆vāb jūvva ūsia munnē̮ "Some people like to eat fresh eggs." Mati dialect
- me̮ne̮d bābuškat, tšed jumalā pitiväD, e̮livat ke̮лme̮t päivǟ sǖmättä "Some grannies, who believed in God, did not eat three days." Jõgõperä dialect
- me̮nikkāl̄ pokoinikal̄ me̮nt entšiä idge̮p ǟleltä "Someone, who has passed away, will be mourned aloud by many people." Kattila dialect
- kui me̮ne̮лt virstaлt tuлe̮B "Comes from miles away!" Lempola dialect
- se pū me̮nī satoita vuosīta viez lieb e̮ллu "This tree seems to be laying in water several hundreds of years." Lempola dialect
- tämä e̮li jo kui me̮ne̮z ̮ vē̮raZ "Who knows how many guests had came before her already." Lempola dialect
Exercises
edit- 1. Compose questions and answers using the examples of the Syntax chapter.
See also
edit- Grammar of Votian dialects (syllabus)
- Answering questions
- Personal and reflexive pronouns
- Potential-future
References
edit- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 59-68, 73, 108-118
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.276
- ↑ Potential-future : lēB
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.327
- ↑ Translative: *mikse
- ↑ E. Adler, M. Leppik: Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v. 3; p. 340
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.274
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.274
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.321
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.319
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.376
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.1. p.178 Pummala dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.341 Mati dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.320 Luuditsa dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.319 Mati dialect
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 46 (examples of I Declension: one syllable wovel stems )
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.315 Mati dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.315 Pummala dialect
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 51 (examples of VIII Conjugation: -e stems )
- ↑ Singular inessive
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.1. p.178 Pummala dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.341-342 Mati dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.320 Luuditsa dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.319 Mati dialect
- ↑ Plural genitive : ke̮ikke̮+iten > ke̮ikkī ("everyone" plural genitive)
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 47 (examples of I Declension: one syllable wovel stems )
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.315 Mati dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.315 Pummala dialect
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 51 (examples of VIII Conjugation: -e stems )
- ↑ Plural inessive
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.319 migässäiDsä puissa ("(made) of some trees" singular instead of plural elative ) Itšäpäivä dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.323 Kattila dialect
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 54 (examples of XII Declension: -nen stems )
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.5. p.197 Luuditsa dialect
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 54 (examples of XII Declension: -nen stems )
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.65 Kattila dialect
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 51 (examples of XII Declension: -a stems )
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.324 Mati dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.1. p.178 eb ̮ mi·llineiD Pummala dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.324 mi·ltineiD Kattila dialect, Pummala dialect, Mati dialect etc.
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.344 Kattila dialect, Itšäpäivä dialect, Mati dialect etc.
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 46 (examples of I Declension: one syllable wovel stems )
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.319 migässäiDsä puissa ("(made) of some trees" singular instead of plural elative ) Itšäpäivä dialect
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.319 Mati dialect
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 47 (examples of I Declension: one syllable wovel stems )
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.315 Pummala dialect
- ↑ Numerals
- ↑ Numerals
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.2. p.376
- ↑ E. Adler, M. Leppik: Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v. 2; p. 273
- ↑ Словарь водского языка - Vadja keele sõnaraamat. v.3. p.327, 374
- ↑ Ariste, Paul Vadja keele grammatika. Tartu, 1948. p. 73
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