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Answering questions [1]
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Descriptive question
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Inflection of pronouns and pointers
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Interrogative
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Distal demonstrative
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Proximal demonstrative
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Alternative
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Indefinite
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Negative
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Universal
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Adverbs
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manner ( instructive )
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kui (ku, ko)
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how
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nī (nennī, kannī, Eastern Votic dialect: kannīG)
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so
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muitē̮
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elsehow, in another way; (for nothing)
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kuilēB [2] [3] |
somehow
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cause-purpose ( translative )
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mihsi (missi, mihē̮ , minē-peräs̄ , Mati dialect: mi)
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why
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senē perässä (senperäs̄ )
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therefor
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muite̮z
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otherwise; for no reason, for nothing
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misselē Luuditsa dialect [4] [5] |
for some reason or other
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time ( essive)
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ke̮nz (kē̮z, kē̮)
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when
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sīz (size̮ , siz)
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then
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nüD (nüttä, Jõgõperä dialect: nüt̄ ; para.iko)
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now
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muinā
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other times - long ago [6] |
kē̮zlēB [7] |
sometimes
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direction ( allative and illative )
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kuhē̮
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where (to)
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sinne (Eastern Votic dialect: sinneG)
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there (to)
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tänne (Eastern Votic dialect: tänneG)
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here (to)
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muvvaлē̮ (mūvvaлē̮ , Luuditsa dialect: mujā)
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elsewhere (to)
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kuhē̮lēB [8] |
somewhere (to)
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location ( adessive and inessive )
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kuza
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where
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siällä
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there
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tǟllä (kassenna)
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here
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muvvaллa
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elsewhere
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kuzalēB [9] |
somewhere
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ablative-direction ( ablative and elative )
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kussa
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where (from)
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siältä
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there (from)
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tǟltä
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here (from)
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muvvaлta
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elsewhere (from)
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kussalēB [10] |
somewhere (from)
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Dialectal alternatives
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location
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sihēsē (sihē)
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here (to)
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sīnä
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here
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sītä
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here (from)
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- A simple descriptive question may be composed starting a sentence with an interrogative word. Often you may answer with one word or phrase [11].
- kuhē̮ ke̮rjazit tširvē ? 'Where did you hide the ax?' Luuditsa dialect
- sinne . 'Over there.'
You may answer with more informative adverbs, than the general ones displayed in the table above.
- kuhē̮ , kuza, kussa 'where (to), where, where (from)'
- 'somewhere'
- kuhē̮lēB e.g. Itšäpäivä dialect: kuhē̮lēG mennǖD tüttäreD, ep kūluG näitä 'Daughters have gone somewhere, they can't be heard.' kuhē̮ [12]
- 'outside'
- akkunaлā e.g. лahze̮d ̮johsivad ̮akkunaлā 'The kids ran out.' kuhē̮
- akkunaллa e.g. meil on akkunaллa vanat ̮kazge̮D 'We have old birchtrees outside (in our courtyard).' kuza
- akkunaлta e.g. akkunaлta tultī jo rihēsē 'They came in already.' kussa (into the chamber from outside of the house)
- 'down, below, under'
- aлaz ~ aлā e.g. tämä tuli ähüpǟlt aлaz 'He came down from the oven.' kuhē̮
- aллa e.g. koira on lavvā naллa, meni aлā 'The dog is under the table, went down.' kuza (The n of naллa is actually a Genitive ending, which has slided from lavvā to the beginning of the following word.)
- aлta e.g. ve̮ta linad ̮aлta vällǟ 'Take the bedsheets away.' kussa (from below a blanket)
- 'ahead, forward, onwards'
- etezī ~ etēz e.g. ain ove̮s̄ etezī aje̮ Lempola dialect '(He) drove the horse forward all the time.' kuhē̮
- 'back'
- tagāz ~ tagaz e.g. vellet ̮tulivat ̮tagāz 'The brothers came back.' kuhē̮ ; täl tagāz ̮be̮ллu antā rahā 'She (the seller) had no money to give (return me) the change.'
- 'back and forth, there and back, to and fro, up and down'
- etēz ̮tagāz' e.g. tšäütteleb ̮etēz ̮tagāz '(Se) walks back and forth.' kuhē̮
- kui 'how'
- 'below'
- aлe̮tsē̮ ~ aлe̮ttse̮ ~ aлattsē̮ e.g. menemmä aлe̮tsē̮ "Let's pass below (the obstacle)."
- mihsi 'why'
- ' otherwise, for no reason, for nothing'
- muite̮z ~ muitez ~ muitaz [13]
- ' anyway, still (regardless to that)'
- ' of course'
Affirmative question
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suffix
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-ko
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Is it ... ? Did she ...? ... wether etc.
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adverb
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vai
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Is it ... ? Did she ...? ... wether etc.
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- A simple question may be composed adding a suffix -ko to the first word of a sentence.
- pesiko tšäet puhtāssi? 'Did he wash his hands (clean)?' < pesi tšäet puhtāssi. '(He) washed (his) hands (clean).'
- oŋko üvä issua? 'Is it good to sit (like this)?' < on üvä issua. 'It is good to sit (like this).'
- A simple question may be composed starting a sentence with vai.
- vai siä karjuššin̄ e̮лe̮D? 'Are you (working as) a shepherd?' < siǟ e̮лe̮D karjuššin 'you are (working as) a shepherd?'
A vague answer may contain ku b lie (may be). [16]
Neighbouring languages
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There is a similar morpheme vai in Latvian with similar functions. [17]
- Vai Ritai patīk aritmētika? 'Does Rita like arithmetic?' < Ritai patīk aritmētika? 'Rita likes arithmetic.'
Exercises
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- 1. Compose questions and answers using the examples of the Syntax chapter.
See also
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References
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