OpenStax University Physics/E&M/Electromagnetic Waves

${\mathcal {E}}\&{\mathcal {M}}$ (Vol. 2):    5:Electric Charges and Fields    6:Gauss's Law    7:Electric Potential    8:Capacitance    9:Current and Resistance    10:Direct-Current Circuits    11:Magnetic Forces and Fields    12:Sources of Magnetic Fields    13:Electromagnetic Induction    14:Inductance    15:Alternating-Current Circuits    16:Electromagnetic Waves

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Chapter 16

Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current $I_{d}=\varepsilon _{0}{\tfrac {d\Phi _{E}}{dt}}$ where $\Phi _{E}=\int {\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {A}}$ is the electric flux.

Maxwell's equations ${\begin{aligned}\oint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}&={\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}Q_{in}\qquad &\oint _{S}{\vec {B}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}&=0\\\oint _{C}{\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {\ell }}&=-\int _{S}{\frac {\partial {\vec {B}}}{\partial t}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}\qquad &\oint _{C}{\vec {B}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {\ell }}&=\mu _{0}I+\epsilon _{0}\mu _{0}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi _{E}}{\mathrm {d} t}}\end{aligned}}$
See also http://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=Maxwell%27s_Equations&oldid=157445
▭ Plane EM wave equation ${\frac {\partial ^{2}E_{y}}{\partial x^{2}}}=\varepsilon _{0}\mu _{0}{\frac {\partial ^{2}E_{y}}{\partial t^{2}}}$ where $c={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {\varepsilon _{0}\mu }}}$ is the speed of light
▭ The ratio of peak electric to magnetic field is ${\tfrac {E_{0}}{B_{0}}}=c$ and the Poynting vector ${\vec {S}}={\tfrac {1}{\mu _{0}}}{\vec {E}}\times {\vec {B}}$ represents the energy flux
▭ Average intensity $I=S_{ave}={\tfrac {c\varepsilon _{0}}{2}}E_{0}^{2}={\tfrac {c}{2\mu _{0}}}B_{0}^{2}={\tfrac {1}{2\mu _{0}}}E_{0}B_{0}$
▭ Radiation pressure $p=I/c$ (perfect absorber) and $p=2I/c$ (perfect reflector).

For quiz at QB/d_cp2.16

Displacement current $I_{d}=\varepsilon _{0}{\tfrac {d\Phi _{E}}{dt}}$ where $\Phi _{E}=\int {\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {A}}$ is the electric flux.

Maxwell's equations: $\epsilon _{0}\mu _{0}=1/c^{2}$
$\oint _{S}{\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}={\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}Q_{in}\qquad$
$\oint _{S}{\vec {B}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}=0$
$\oint _{C}{\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {\ell }}=-\int _{S}{\frac {\partial {\vec {B}}}{\partial t}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}$
$\oint _{C}{\vec {B}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {\ell }}=\mu _{0}I+\epsilon _{0}\mu _{0}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi _{E}}{\mathrm {d} t}}$

${\frac {\partial ^{2}E_{y}}{\partial x^{2}}}=\varepsilon _{0}\mu _{0}{\frac {\partial ^{2}E_{y}}{\partial t^{2}}}$ and ${\tfrac {E_{0}}{B_{0}}}=c$

Poynting vector ${\vec {S}}={\tfrac {1}{\mu _{0}}}{\vec {E}}\times {\vec {B}}$=energy flux

Average intensity $I=S_{ave}={\tfrac {c\varepsilon _{0}}{2}}E_{0}^{2}={\tfrac {c}{2\mu _{0}}}B_{0}^{2}={\tfrac {1}{2\mu _{0}}}E_{0}B_{0}$

Radiation pressure $p=I/c$ (perfect absorber) and $p=2I/c$ (perfect reflector).