Votian/Essive

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Essive ^[1]

	Singular	Plural
Essive marker	-na	-ina

Morphophonology and pronunciation

Essive suffix tends to take a multisyllabel consonant stem if available e.g. tševät-tä > tševännä ("in the spring") vs. nōr-na > nōre̮na ("as a youngster").

Notice the following phonetic changes!

t + n > nn: e.g. ke̮лme̮n-na ('the third one') < *ke̮лme̮t-na.
n + n > nn: e.g. ōme̮n-na ('tomorrow') < *ōme̮n-na.
In some dialects the -n component may be geminated after a vowel stem as well.
- Mati , Kõrvõttula , Lempola
  - t + n : e.g. kōллūnna ('a dead one') < kōллuD-na.
  - s + n : e.g. se̮tamehennä ('warrior') < se̮tamēz-na.
  - vowel + n : e.g. üvä-nnä ('a good one'), emä-nnä ('mother'), e̮htago-nna ('evening'), prāznikka-nna ('party')
- Jõgõperä
  - vowel + n : e.g. pēne-nne ('a small one'), ohte̮go-nne̮ ('evening')

Pronunciation of essive suffix varies according to vowel harmony -na, -nä e.g. лahse̮na (" as a child (in childhood) "), tahto üvänä e̮ллa (" She wanted to be a good one. ")
The final vowel of the suffix may be shortened depending in it's position in a sentence e.g. marjoikā süönnünn ̮ e̮ллa (" to satisfy ones hunger with berries " Lempola ), tuлe̮n ōme̮n̄ pǟn (" I shall come tomorrow. "), ize meni tūлe̮n̄ ("She went like a wind herself.") Lempola .

Usage

Essive may express

time - e.g. se e̮li e̮htagonā ("It was in the evening."), näväd ̮ ne̮istī ōmnikkon̄ ("They woke up in the morning." Mati ), vid́d́espǟn lähsi ("She went away on Friday."), tämä süntü jo meńńä vōn ("She was born last year already."), prāznikkan e̮li tšüläzä paĺĺo vätšiä ("During the party there were many people in the village.")
location somewhere - e.g. issuzivat ̮ ke̮ikī lavvā takana ("They all sat at the table."), tšen on kotona ? ("Who is at home?"), elimme izǟ vellē tüvenne ("We lived at my fathers uncle." Jõgõperä )
carrying the characteristic features of something or somebody - e.g. älä e̮лe̮ tuisku-tupurinna ja лaiska-лapurinna (' Don't be light-minded and lazy.' Lempola ), kui miä e̮lin tüttärikkona k a t t i л a л л a ("When I was a maid in Kattila village ..."), lēb ̮ лahzē̮ emännä ("She will be a mother."), e̮lin se̮tamehennä t a l l i n a z a ("I was a soldier in Tallinn."), vai siä karjuššin̄ e̮лe̮D ? ("Are you a herdsman?")
being in a certain condition - e.g. tahto üvänä e̮ллa (" She wanted to be a good one. "), makāb ̮ jo kōлūna māta tšebiätä ("She sleeps as a dead one in a light ground already."), marjoikā süönnünn ̮ e̮ллa (" to satisfy ones hunger with berries " Lempola ), e̮лe̮izit ̮ siä sīnä tūлē̮ tuiskuna ("If you were there as fast as a whirl-wind ...")

Essive -na + possessive *-hen has produced some adverbs - e.g. e̮li ühsinǟ ("He was alone.") ^[2], ühste̮.šše̮me̮t̄ tunnia sāp ̮ täünnǟ ("It will be eleven O'Clock soon." Mati ), ül̆leüdnǟ kauniz ("completely red" Itšäpäivä dialect), on va aivonā ühs rōja ("There is nothing but mud.")

Dialectal alternatives

Votic of Ingria
- Western
  - In some dialects the -n component may be geminated after a vowel stem as well.
    - Mati , Kõrvõttula , Lempola
      - t + n : e.g. kōллūnna ('a dead one') < kōллuD-na.
      - s + n : e.g. se̮tamehennä ('warrior') < se̮tamēz-na.
      - vowel + n : e.g. üvä-nnä ('a good one'), emä-nnä ('mother'), e̮htago-nna ('evening'), prāznikka-nna ('party')
  - Vaipooli
    - Jõgõperä dialect
      - The vowel of abessive suffix may be -ē, -ē̮ .
        e.g. pēne-nne ('a small one'), ohte̮go-nne̮ ('evening')