Votian/Consonant Stem

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Consonant stems occur in limited declensions and conjugations. Their stem-vowel (originally e) was omitted in front of certain morphemes only. Those morphemes started with k, n or t. The stem-consonant was h, *k (> h), l, n, r, s or t.

m was later replaced with n, when stem-vowel was dropped e.g. лume̮-лta ('from the snow' ablative ) vs. лun-ta ('(Take some) snow' partitive ).

Conjugations

Following conjugation types have consonant stems :

• VIII Conjugation: -e stems e.g. imperative plural pes-kā vs. singular peze-G ('Wash!').
• IX Conjugation: -t stems e.g. imperative plural vassat-kā vs. singular vassā-G ('Answer!').
• X Conjugation: -ne stems e.g. imperative plural e̮hse̮t-kā vs. singular e̮hse̮ne̮-G ('Spew! Vomit!').

Morphemes

Following morphemes take a consonant stem where available:

• Imperative
  • Plural
    • 1. person e.g. *jute̮л-kamma ('Let us say!' This reconstruction bases on Alutaguse runic songs only.).
    • 2. person e.g. jute̮л-kā ('Say!').
    • 3. person e.g. jute̮л-kō.
  • Singular
    • 3. person e.g. jute̮л-kō.
• Past Participles e.g. jute̮л-лu < *jute̮л-nut.
• Indefinite voice e.g. jute̮л-tī.
• ta Infinitive e.g. jute̮л-лa < *jute̮л-tak.

Declensions

Following declension types have consonant stems :

• X Declension: -e stems e.g. plural nominative tuлe̮-D vs. singular partitive tuл-ta ('fire').
• XI Declension: -ks stems e.g. plural nominative vare̮hse̮-D vs. singular partitive vare̮s-sa ('crow') < *vare̮s-ta.
• XII Declension: -nen stems e.g. plural nominative naize̮-D vs. singular partitive nais-sa ('wife') < *nais-ta.
• XIII Declension: -n stems e.g. plural nominative sēmene-D vs. singular partitive sēmē-tä ('seed') < *sēmen-ta.
• XIII Declension: -m stems e.g. plural nominative ve̮ttime̮-D vs. singular partitive ve̮tī-ta ('key') < *ve̮tin-ta.
• XIII Declension: -nt stems e.g. plural nominative ke̮лme̮tte̮̮me̮̮-D vs. singular partitive ke̮лme̮t-te̮̮ ('the third') < *ke̮лme̮tte̮̮n--ta Jõgõperä dialect.
• XIV Declension: -s stems e.g. plural nominative ampā-D vs. singular partitive ammas-sa ('tooth') < *ammas-ta.
• XIV Declension: -k stems e.g. plural nominative sitē̮-D vs. singular partitive sie̮t-ta ('tie') < *sie̮k-ta.
• XIV Declension: -h stems e.g. plural nominative ernē-D vs. singular partitive erneh-tä ('pea') .
• XV Declension: -t stems e.g. plural nominative lühǖ-D vs. singular partitive lühüt-tä ('short').

Morphemes

Following morphemes take a consonant stem where available:

• Singular partitive e.g. tuл-ta ('fire').

(in certain dialects also:)

• Singular essive e.g. tševän-nä ('in spring') < *kevät-na.
• Plural genitive e.g. ammas-te ('of teeth') in late Alutaguse and Vaiga dialects of Estonia influenced by Mid Estonian dialect.

See also

• Grammar of Votian dialects (syllabus)

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