Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Causes/Toxins/Ziram
Background edit
Ziram is an organic zinc salt used as a fungicide. It has been in use since 1949. The formula is C6H12N2S4Zn and the name is derived from Zinc dithiocarbamate. It is marketed under a variety of names and is used primarily on almonds and stone fruits.
Research edit
2008
Chou et al [1] examined the effect of Ziram on dopaminergic cells in vitro and concluded:-
“These results demonstrate that ziram causes selective dopaminergic cell damage in vitro by inhibiting an important degradative pathway implicated in the etiology of PD. Chronic exposure to widely used dithiocarbamate fungicides may contribute to the development of PD, and elucidation of its mechanism would identify a new potential therapeutic target.”
2011
Wang et al [2] examined the relationship between the incidence of PD and exposure to toxins in the Central Valley of California and concluded:-
“Those exposed to ziram, maneb, and paraquat together experienced the greatest increase in PD risk. Our results suggest that pesticides affecting different mechanisms that contribute to dopaminergic neuron death may act together to increase the risk of PD considerably.”
Further Reading edit
2006
Wang, X.F.; Li, S.; Chou, A.P. and Bronstein, J.M. Neurobiol Dis. 23(1):198-205.
Inhibitory effects of pesticides on proteasome activity: implication in Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16626962
Today
Extoxnet database entry for Ziram.
http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ziram.htm
PAN pesticides database entry for Ziram
http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC34731
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Ziram.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
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References edit
- ↑ Chou, A.P.; Maidment, N.; Klintenberg, R.; Casida, J.E.; Li, S.; Fitzmaurice, A.G.; Fernagut, P.O.; Mortazavi, F.; Chesselet, M.F. and Bronstein, J.M. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283(50):34696-34703. Ziram causes dopaminergic cell damage by inhibiting E1 ligase of the proteasome. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818210
- ↑ Wang, A. Costello S.; Cockburn M.; Zhang X.; Bronstein, J. and Ritz, B. (2011) Eur. J. Epidemiol. 26(7):547-55. Parkinson's disease risk from ambient exposure to pesticides. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21505849