Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Norepinephrine and emotion

Heading casing

FYI, the convention on Wikiversity is for lower-cased headings. For example, use: ==Cats and dogs== rather than ==Cats and Dogs== -- Jtneill - Talk - c 01:16, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

Topic development review and feedback

The topic development has been reviewed according to the marking criteria. Written feedback is provided below, plus there is a general feedback page. Please also check the chapter's page history to check for editing changes made whilst reviewing through the chapter. Responses to this feedback can be made by starting a new section below and/or contacting the reviewer. Topic development marks will be available later via Moodle. Keep an eye on Announcements. Note that marks are based on what was available before the due date, whereas the comments may also be based on all material available at time of providing this feedback.

Title, sub-title, TOC Only capitalise the first letter of the title and the sub-title Wording of sub-title should be consistent with the book table of contents User page Created, minimal Social contribution No summary of contribution Link still leaves the user to do some searching for the contribution - the best links go to direct evidence of the contributions made. View the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click compare, and then use this website address as a direct link to evidence for listing on your user page. For more info, see the book chapter author guidelines. Section headings See earlier comment about heading capitalisation Good to see focus questions in the Overview, however these questions do not need to be addressed: What is Emotion and what are the main theories of emotion? What is Norepinephrine and how does it work? Instead, provide a brief summary and provide interwiki links to other Wikiversity and/or Wikipedia resources for more information In this way, more of the chapter can be devoted to the main topic - What effects does norepinephrine have on emotion - and how? And how can this info be put to advantage in living a more effective life etc. In other words, don't beat around the bush - cut the chase and use the best available psychology theory and research with practical examples to summarise what is known about this topic. A section should contain either 0 or 2+ sub-sections - avoid having sections which contain 1 sub-section. Sections which include sub-sections should also include an overview paragraph (which doesn't need a separate heading) before branching into the sub-headings. Key points Key points are reasonably well developed for each section, with relevant citations, but as per Section heading comments, significantly reduce preliminary content and significantly increase the content which directly addresses the topic and marking criteria. Include in-text interwiki links for the first mention of key terms to relevant Wikipedia articles. Consider including more examples/case studies. Consider embedding one quiz question per major section rather than having one longer quiz towards the end. Image One relevant image embedded Consider increasing image size from default to make it easier to read Avoid overcapitalisation References OK. For full APA style: Use correct capitalisation Use correct italicisation Check formatting of author initials Use the new recommended format for dois - http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2014/07/how-to-use-the-new-doi-format-in-apa-style.html Do not include issue numbers for journals which are continuously numbered within a volume Resources Sufficient

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 12:03, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

(I got bored of my chapter so I’m procrastinating by researching yours, I hope you don’t mind. :D, I put some notes in brackets, which are just my thoughts, and I wrote some stuff I found interesting alongside the references I looked at.)

I found one article arguing that anger and fear are linked emotions, like to expressions of the same feeling, it seemed like an interesting read and might lead to more idea’s :D. – this is the article – (Gu, Wang, Wang, & Huang, 2016). Norepinephrine is associated with the flight and fight response; thus it has strong links with both anger and fear, but what I found interesting was drugs increasing Norepinephrine can be used to treat anxiety and panic attacks, which seems counter intuitive (Gu et al. 2016). The locus coeruleus (LC) is has the largest proportion of neurons that use Norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter. The LC is an area associated manly with responding to acute stress. In some situations, increased activation of LC increases of decreases fearful responding in others it increases it, i.e. its involved in regulating whether an animal will respond with a flight or fight response to stress (Gu, et al. 2016). Gu, S., Wang, W., Wang, F., & Huang, J. H. (2016). Neuromodulator and emotion biomarker for stress induced mental disorders. Neural plasticity, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2609128

(I wrote some stuff on NRI’s, because I thought that might be useful. Idk, if you’ll have a place you could put this in your essay or not, but hopefully it will be useful.) Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRI’s) increased frontal and medial activation, which suggests they might be increasing emotion regulation. This increase in emotion regulation has caused NRI’s to be proposed as a treatment for depression and anxiety. (Outhred, et al. 2013). (I find it interesting that NRI’s increase frontal lobe activity it suggests to me that it has a role in mediating emotional responding to stress rather than just being a cause of the anger and fear.) This increase in emotion regulation has caused its use as a treatment for depression and anxiety. Although it has mixed results. With a 2008 meta-analysis of the NRI Reboxetine found it meta-analysis found it effective at dealing with depression, (Chuluunkhuu, Nakahara, Yanagisawa, & Kamae, 2008). However, this could be due to the file drew effect. As a separate meta-analysis that looked at both published and unpublished studies found Reboxetine no better than placebos. (Eyding et al. 2010). (I only looked at the NRI Reboxetine it might be quite different for the other types of NRI’s, but keep an eye out for meta-analysis that don’t mention the fact the unpublished null-results could be effecting the results).

It should be noted, however, that NRI’s is not synonymous with norepinephrine. Reuptake inhibitors stop norepinephrine from being taken back to the pre-synaptic cell, which increasing post synaptic cell activation. This causes prolonged firing of norepinephrine. By comparison in a more naturalist norepinephrine firing, will occurred in corporation with multiple other factors.  So NRI’s give a picture of what prolonged relatively isolated firing of Norepinephrine causes, but leaves out many interaction effects.  (Maybe  looking at the effects of Norepinephrine via NRI’s will have a higher internal validity, but lower external validity, but I’m yet to find a study confirming my assumption so take it with a grain of salt.)

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibiting drugs can be closely linked with dopamine reuptake inhibition (DRI), in the case of drugs like cocaine, but the interaction effect of DRI’s and NRI’s is substantially different from either in isolation. For example, NRI’s are themselves not highly addictive, as the highly rewarding aspects of cocaine come from its effects on dopamine.

Chuluunkhuu, G., Nakahara, N., Yanagisawa, S., & Kamae, I. (2008). The efficacy of reboxetine as an antidepressant, a meta-analysis of both continuous (mean HAM-D score) and dichotomous (response rate) outcomes. Kobe J Med Sci, 54(2), E147-58. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772616 Eyding, D., Lelgemann, M., Grouven, U., Härter, M., Kromp, M., Kaiser, T., & Wieseler, B. (2010). Reboxetine for acute treatment of major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trials. Bmj, 341, c4737. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4737 Outhred, T., Hawkshead, B. E., Wager, T. D., Das, P., Malhi, G. S., & Kemp, A. H. (2013). Acute neural effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors on emotion processing: implications for differential treatment efficacy. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(8), 1786-1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.010

--Dom M.S (discuss • contribs) 01:16, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

Article Suggestion

Hey Ceridwen. I found an article on theories of emotion and causation that could be of use in your theories section. Moors, A. (2009). Theories of Emotion causation: A review. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 625-662. http://zh9bf5sp6t.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Theories+of+emotion+causation%3A+A+review&rft.jtitle=Cognition+%26+Emotion&rft.au=Moors%2C+Agnes&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.issn=0269-9931&rft.eissn=1464-0600&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=625&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F02699930802645739&rft.externalDocID=364743&paramdict=en-US Good luck!! Mayoh 11 (discuss • contribs) 04:57, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

Chapter review and feedback

This chapter has been reviewed according to the marking criteria. Written feedback is provided below, plus there is a general feedback page. Please also check the chapter's page history to check for editing changes made whilst reviewing through the chapter. Responses to this feedback can be made by starting a new section below and/or contacting the reviewer. Chapter marks will be available later via Moodle, along with social contribution marks and feedback. Keep an eye on Announcements.

Overall Overall, this chapter... The Overview is too dense/detailed - instead, seek engage the lay reader with a practical scenario and introduction of key terms. The Conclusion lacks specific, take-home messages (e.g., answers to the focus questions from the Overview). For additional feedback, see these copyedits. Theory There is too much general theoretical material about emotion. Instead, summarise and link to further information, to allow this chapter to focus on the specific topic. The answer to the question in the sub-title starts half-way through a short chapter . Basic but sufficient coverage of theory involving the relation between the target constructs is provided. Research Basic but sufficient coverage of research involving the relation between the target constructs is provided. When describing important research findings, indicate the size of effects in addition to whether or not there was an effect or relationship. Greater emphasis on major reviews and meta-analyses would be helpful. Written expression Written expression Some paragraphs are overly long. Each paragraph should communicate one key idea in three to five sentences. The chapter benefited from a well developed Overview and Conclusion, with clear focus question(s) and take-home messages. Learning features Use in-text interwiki links, rather than external links. Basic use of images and quizzes Spelling, grammar, and proofreading More proofreading is needed to fix typos (e.g., inconsistent capitalisation of norepinephrine) and bring the quality of written expression closer to a professional standard. Spelling can be improved - e.g., see the tags. The grammar for some sentences could be improved - e.g., see the tags. Check and correct use of ownership apostrophes e.g., SSRI's -> SSRIs APA style Use APA style for Figure captions Provide more detailed Figure captions Numbers under 10 should be written in words (e.g., five); numbers 10 and over should be written in numbers (e.g., 10) Direct quotes need page numbers. Citations are not in full APA style Check and correct how to use more than citation per point References are not in full APA style e.g., Do not include issue numbers for journals which are continuously numbered within volumes.

Multimedia feedback

The accompanying multimedia presentation has been marked according to the marking criteria. Marks are available via the unit's Moodle site. Written feedback is provided below, plus see the general feedback page. Responses to this feedback can be made by starting a new section below. If you would like further clarification about the marking or feedback, contact the unit convener.

Overall Overall, this is an excellent presentation. Structure and content Well selected and structured content - not too much or too little. There is a clear Overview, Body, and Conclusion. Communication The presentation is fun, easy to follow, and interesting to watch and listen to. Production quality Use the full chapter title and sub-title on the opening slide and in the video name of the video because this helps to match the book chapter and to clearly convey the purpose of the presentation. Audio recording quality was a bit quiet - review microphone set up. Add acknowledgement of image sources and software used to create presentation.

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 21:05, 27 November 2017 (UTC)