Literature/1950/Strawson

Authors
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Strawson, Peter (1950). "On Referring." Mind, vol. 59, no. 235, pp. 320-344.

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Author

w: P. F. Strawson

Excerpts

• It is obvious that anyone who uttered the sentence, "The whale is a mammal", would be using the expression "the whale" in a way quite different from the way it would be used by anyone who had occasion seriously to utter the sentence, "The whale struck the ship". In the first sentence one is obviously not mentioning, and in the second sentence one obviously is mentioning, a particular whale. Again if I said, "Napoleon was the greatest French soldier", I should be using the word "Napoleon" to mention a certain individual, but I should not be using the phrase, "the greatest French soldier", to mention an individual, but to say something about an individual I had already mentioned. It would be natural to say that in using this sentence I was talking about Napoleon and that what I was saying about him was that he was the greatest French soldier. But of course I could use the expression, "the greatest French soldier", to mention an individual; for example by saying: "The greatest French solider died in exile". (p. 320)

Wikimedia

w: Theory of descriptions w: Descriptivist theory of names

w: Causal theory of reference w: Theory of meaning

Chronology

• Literature/1983/Barwise ^{[^]}
• Literature/1982/Evans ^{[^]}
• Rorty, Richard (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton University Press. ^{[^]}
• Gibson, Jame J. (1977). "The Theory of Affordances," pp. 67-82. In: Robert Shaw & John Bransford, eds. Perceiving, Acting, and Knowing: Toward an Ecological Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. ^{[^]}
• Chisholm, Roderick (1976). Person and Object: A Metaphysical Study. London: G. Allen & Unwin. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1976/Evans ^{[^]}
• Putnam, Hilary (1975). Mind, Language and Reality, Philosophical Papers Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1972/Kripke ^{[^]}
• Quine, Willard (1960). Word and Object. MIT Press. ^{[^]}
• Gellner, Ernest (1959). Words and Things: A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. London: Gollancz. ^{[^]}
• Chomsky, Noam (1959). "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior." Language, 35(1): 26-57. ^{[^]}
• Chomsky, Noam (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. ^{[^]}
• Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. ^{[^]}
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Publishing. ^{[^]}
• Strawson, Peter (1950). "On Referring." Mind, vol. 59, no. 235, pp. 320-344. ^{[^]}
• Ryle, Gilbert (1949). The Concept of Mind. University Of Chicago Press. ^{[^]}
• Russell, Bertrand (1926). "The Meaning of Meaning." Dial, vol.81 (August 1926) pp. 114-121. ^{[^]}
• Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. ^{[^]}
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1922). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Frank P. Ramsey & C. K. Ogden, trans., Kegan Paul, 1922. ^{[^]}
• Russell, Bertrand (1905). "On Denoting." Mind, vol. 14, pp. 479-493. ^{[^]}

Notes

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The shade of the bar looks invariant in isolation but variant in context, in (favor of) sharp contrast with the color gradient background, hence an innate illusion we have to reasonably interpret and overcome as well as the mirage. Such variance appearing seasonably from context to context may not only be the case with our vision but worldview in general in practice indeed, whether a priori or a posteriori. Perhaps no worldview from nowhere, without any point of view or prejudice at all! Ogden & Richards (1923) said, "All experience ... is either enjoyed or interpreted ... or both, and very little of it escapes some degree of interpretation." H. G. Wells (1938) said, "The human individual is born now to live in a society for which his fundamental instincts are altogether inadequate."