Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Comprehensive action determination model

Comprehensive action determination model:
What is the CADM and how can it be applied to understanding human motivation?

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Multimedia presentation (3 min)

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Overview

Scenario:

You a university lecturer at the University of Canberra, you’ve noticed that students frequently become distracted by their phones during lectures. This observation has led you to wonder how phone use might affect students' study habits. Specifically, you’re interested in exploring the connection between phone use and procrastination, with the aim of identifying the underlying influences that drive students to use their phones during study sessions and how this behaviour may relate to procrastination. You want to understand the key factors that influence this behaviour: What are the motives behind students’ phone use when they should be studying? What are the external or internal factors that lead students to procrastinate by turning to their phones?

Recently, you came across a paper discussing an "integrated model" of behaviour. This model claims to combine elements from existing action models into a more comprehensive framework for understanding behaviour. Given the scope of your research, you think this model might be particularly useful for your study. You’re interested in applying this integrated model to your research on phone use and procrastination, as it may offer valuable insights into the complex factors at play and help identify key influences on students' tendency to procrastinate through phone use.

Focus questions:

What is motivation?
How is motivation influenced?
What is the Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM)?
What are the underpinning theories behind the CADM?
How can the CADM be applied to understanding human motivation?

Figure 1: illustration of animal behaviours

Motivation

What is motivation? - Motivation underlies the reasons for our behaviour (Lai, 2011)
How does motivation influence our behaviour?

What influences motivation?

Figure 2: Factor model representing a conceptualization of the process of human motivation.

Internal motives:

motivation driven by emotional enjoyment, interest or pleasure (Lai, 2011).

Needs - Internal conditions essential for maintaining life (Reeve, 2018).
Cognitions - Thoughts, beliefs and expectations that influence our motives (Reeve, 2018).
Emotions - Expressive reactions to the significant life events (Reeve, 2018).

External motives:

Motivations governed by reinforcement contingencies (Lai, 2011) .

Environmental - How do our surrounding influence our behaviours/ motivations (Richards et al., 2017).
Social - How social interactions influence our behaviours/motivations (Ashida et al., 2012).
Cultural - how does our culture/religious beliefs influence our motivations (Heine, 2007).

How does motivation influence emotion?

Motivation and their affects on emotion (Bradley & Lang, 2000).
Our behaviour's can be affected by our emotions and motivations (Bradley & Lang, 2000).

Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM)

What is it? (Explain it purpose - Why it was created?)
- The Comprehensive action determination model was proposed by Klöckner & Anke Blöbaum, (2010), as they believed that there is no structured framework which aims to be comprehensive in understanding human emotion. They based the CADM off previous models which they believed were not adequate in representing the multi-determination of environmental behaviour on their own. These underpinning theories are The theory of planned behaviour, norm activation model and the ipsative theory of behaviour. (Klöckner & Anke Blöbaum, 2010).

Underpinning theories of CADM

Theory of planned behaviour: The theory of planned behaviour aimed to predict human behaviour and was developed by Icek Ajzen (1991). the theory of planned behaviour proposes that attitudes towards behaviour, perceived behavioural control and subjective norms influence behavioural intentions (Asare, 2015).
Norm-activation model: The Norm-Activation Model was first proposed by Schwartz (1977). It aims to identify drivers influencing human intentions towards pro-environmental and altruistic behaviours (Moslem Savari et al., 2023).
Ipsative theory of behaviour: The ipsative theory of behaviour aims to describe the objective and subjective characteristics of situations as a predictor of behaviour (Klöckner & Anke Blöbaum, 2010).

Comprehensive action determination model

Explain how the model works (Klöckner & Anke Blöbaum, 2010).
The assumption of the CADM is that behaviour is directly determined by influences from three possible sources: ( Klöckner & Anke Blöbaum, 2010).
- Habituatial process
- Intentional process
- Situational process

limitations of CADM

What are the limitations of the CADM? (Tan, 2024)

CADM and understanding human motivation

Application of the CADM
- Explore correlations between variables relating to certain behaviour to gain better understanding of behaviours (Fang et al., 2021)
Current research? main research in this area
- Understanding determinants of reduced clothing consumption (Joanes et al., 2020)
- Predicting consumer electronics recommence platform usage (Tang et al., 2022)
- Exploring adolescents’ waste prevention (Balundė et al., 2020)
Pros and cons of CADM in understanding human behaviour
- What are the pro and cons of using the CADM to understand human motivation
- Make reference to the the limitations of the CADM and what current literature is proposing (Balundė et al., 2020; Joanes et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2022; Stiller et al., 2018)

Conclusion

Why is motivation important and why understanding motivation is important?
How is motivation influenced and how can the CADM help us understand these influences?
In what other ways can the CADM be applied in understanding human emotions?
Future research
Take home messages:
- 1. Motivation is a complex internal state that drives our behaviour and understanding motives is important.
- 2. Utilizing models such as The CADM, theory of planned behaviour, and the Norm-activation model will help us understand human motivation

Learning features

References

A. Balundė, L. Jovarauskaitė, & M.S. Poškus. (2020). Exploring adolescents’ waste prevention via Value-Identity-Personal norm and Comprehensive Action Determination Models. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 72, 101526–101526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101526

Asare, M. (2015). USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR TO DETERMINE THE CONDOM USE BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. American Journal of Health Studies, 30(1), 43–50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621079/#:~:text=The%20Theory%20of%20Planned%20Behavior%20(TPB)%20was%20developed%20by%20Icek,behavioral%20control%20influence%20behavioral%20intention.

Ashida, S., Wilkinson, A. V., & Koehly, L. M. (2012). Social Influence and Motivation to Change Health Behaviors among Mexican-Origin Adults: Implications for Diet and Physical Activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 26(3), 176–179. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.100107-quan-2

Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Emotion and motivation. Handbook of psychophysiology, 2, 602-642. https://www.cns.nyu.edu/~vessel/courses/NeuralAesthetics/Readings/09_Mar_29/Bradley.pdf

Fang, W.-T., Huang, M.-H., Cheng, B.-Y., Chiu, R.-J., Chiang, Y.-T., Hsu, C.-W., & Ng, E. (2021). Applying a Comprehensive Action Determination Model to Examine the Recycling Behavior of Taipei City Residents. Sustainability, 13(2), 490–490. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020490

Heine, S. J. (2007). Culture and motivation. Handbook of cultural psychology, 714-733. https://perpus.univpancasila.ac.id/repository/EBUPT190092.pdf#page=733

Icek Ajzen. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t

Joanes, T., Gwozdz, W., & Klöckner, C. A. (2020). Reducing personal clothing consumption: A cross-cultural validation of the comprehensive action determination model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71, 101396–101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101396

Klöckner, C. A., & Anke Blöbaum. (2010). A comprehensive action determination model: Toward a broader understanding of ecological behaviour using the example of travel mode choice. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 574–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.001

Lai, E. R. (2011). Motivation: A literature review. Person Research’s Report, 6, 40-41. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40756174/Motivation_Review_final-libre.pdf?1450092242=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DMotivation_A_literature_review.pdf&Expires=1723723138&Signature=b8GUvHUi96CFPfYUa5WW7vTwlnbkW5T0WK4f4ymJa4wyrZCpj7SU0FNW4XXLQ7OxqVANO7Zw0UVcbAu2j~mOJRou7IrD6aj5sgPKshZkr1SZfgVly2ySon1zRLNyqCTwuJcRP7sneWAAskPsMBF~khvxprtCyjJMy-r~ds8QApfDQFcp0b1eBKcolrvqH7Niw-Frl05QhRJlIMOdIKXZnZbwCHdwGK3SjjLQWXsauQF6LmJNK57a5~pdyWnMX9LZHAdYDwVhp0R7czCRD9iyIyR4BeXpNOrpKwUSwH1f-dCibeaBItGZG9aX9yG~iw5goX7Q72brfSY8MJf8mezCGg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

Moslem Savari, Hamed Eskandari Damaneh, Hadi Eskandari Damaneh, & Cotton, M. (2023). Integrating the norm activation model and theory of planned behaviour to investigate farmer pro-environmental behavioural intention. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32831-x

Reeve, J. (2018). Understanding Motivation and Emotion, 7th Edition. VitalSource Bookshelf version. Retrieved from vbk://9781119367659

Richards, E. A., McDonough, M., & Fu, R. (2017). Longitudinal examination of social and environmental influences on motivation for physical activity. Applied Nursing Research, 37, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.07.007

Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 221–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60358-5

Stiller, C., Stockey, A., & Wilde, M. (2018). Hands off, Minds on?–The Pros and Cons of Practical Experimentation. In Electronic proceedings of the ESERA 2017 conference. Research, practice and collaboration in science education, Part (Vol. 2, pp. 332-342). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cornelia-Stiller/publication/320235407_Hands_off_minds_on_-_The_pros_and_cons_of_practical_experimentation/links/5faa497f299bf10f733512a0/Hands-off-minds-on-The-pros-and-cons-of-practical-experimentation.pdf

Tan, J.-H. (2024). SUSTAINING SUSTAINABLE FARMING: AN EVALUATION OF THE REASONED ACTION AND COMPREHENSIVE ACTION DETERMINATION FRAMEWORKS FOR PERSISTENCE. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4467&context=theses

Tang, Z., Zhou, Z., & Warkentin, M. (2022). A contextualized comprehensive action determination model for predicting consumer electronics recommerce platform usage: A sequential mixed-methods approach. Information & Management, 59(3), 103617–103617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2022.103617

External links

Motivation (Healthdirect)
Theory of planned behaviour (Wikipedia)