Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Smiling and emotion

Smiling and emotion:
What is the relationship between smiling and emotion?

Multimedia presentation (3 min)

Overview

Scenario One Figure 1: The expression of smiling, a key indicator of positive emotions Imagine you are walking home after a stressful day at work and you pass a nearby park. As you are walking you notice a young child playing with a colourful kite. You hear the child's laughter which catches your attention, making you turn and see the pure joy on their face. You couldn't help but smile at the joyful scene, the mother also offers a warm smile back to you.

Smiling is a facial expression and acts as a universal form of non-verbal communication and human behaviour that conveys a range of emotions (Niedenthal et al., 2010). Smiling plays a critical role in regulating and enhancing an individual emotions. For instance, smiling can have an immediate effect on an individuals mood enhancement, stress reduction, social connections and social interactions. Which further contributes to the long-term effects of improved emotional wellbeing, overall wellbeing, coping strategies as well as increased happiness and life satisfaction.

This chapter explores and explains the relationship between smiling and emotions with reference to two main theories, Facial Feedback Hypothesis (Strack et al. 1988) and the Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Scherer et al. 2001).

• The impact this interaction has on your emotions:
  • Immediate uplift
  • Positive social interaction
  • Increased positive emotions
  • Change of perspective contributing to your emotional wellbeing

Thus, illustrating the powerful impact of smiling on your emotions.

Focus questions: What are the advantages of smiling? What are the downsides of smiling? What are the major theories of smiling and emotions? How do emotions impact smiling? How smiling impacts emotions Positive psychology

What are the advantages of smiling?

Smiling is a simple yet powerful and effective form of communication which enhances an individuals emotional wellbeing. Smiling offers vast amount of advantages which aid to increase not only your emotional wellbeing but also your physical wellbeing. These benefits are attributed to the release of endorphins and the brain's reward centre (Abel & Kruger, 2010).

Mood enhancement

• Triggers the release of endorphins (Kraft, 2012) which is a natural chemical that is release by the body, a feel-good hormone.
• Improvement in mood and reduction of stress

Stress reduction

• Lower the levels of stress hormones
• Decreasing anxiety and tension

Enhanced social interactions

• Universal social tool and connection method
• Signal of friendliness and approachability.
• Improved social interactions and relationships.

Improved mood regulation

• Tool for mood regulation
• Telling yourself to smile signals the brain to a positive state, helping to shift your emotional state.

What are the downsides of smiling?

While smiling is generally considered to be a positive emotions and social benefit, there are some negative effects or downsides to consider that occur in specific contexts. Such as, negative effects can occur from forced or inappropriate smiling, cultural differences and individual factors.

Inauthenticity and trust issues

When people smile in situations where they do not genuinely feel happy, their smiles can come across as inauthentic or insincere. Often people may perceive these smiles as forced or fake, which can erode trust and rapport in relationships. For instance, Krumhuber & Manstead (2009) conducted research which highlighted the ability of individuals to distinguish between genuine and fake smiles, which can have implications for trust and authenticity in social interactions.

Scenario Two Samantha who is a student at university, regularly interacts with another student Daniel, who often displays a forced smile. Samantha's emotional response to Daniel's inauthentic smiles is marked by a sense of unease and mistrust. These encounters leave Samantha feeling uncomfortable and less inclined to engage in a meaningful conversation with Daniel. The inauthentic smiles hinder the development of a warm and genuine classmate relationship.

Cultural differences

Cultural norms and interpretations of smiling vary widely. In some cultures, constant or excessive smiling is not customary and may be perceived as insincere or inappropriate. Not being aware of these cultural difference can lead to misunderstandings and discomfort. Matsumoto et al. (2008) conducted cross-cultural research in facial expressions and found significant variations in how different cultures perceive and interpret smiles.

Negative reactions to excessive smiling

Keltner & Bonanno (1997) explored the role of facial expressions, including smiles, in interpersonal dynamics, emphasising how they can affect others perceptions and responses. As such, in certain contexts, especially confrontational or serious situations, excessive or inappropriate smiling may provoke negative reactions from others. People may perceive constant smiling as insensitivity or a lack of seriousness.

It is important to be aware of the potential negative effects of smiling in certain situations. These effects can stem from inauthenticity, cultural differences or contextual inappropriateness. Being mindful of when and how one smiles can help navigate these potential downsides and ensure that smiling is used effectively in a wide range of social interactions and wellbeing.

What are the major theories of smiling and emotions?

The two theories that provide different perspectives on the relationship between smiling and emotions are the facial feedback hypothesis and the cognitive appraisal theory.

Facial feedback hypothesis

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that the physical act of smiling can influence and intensify the emotions an individual experiences. Similarly, a facial expression can correspond to an emotional state (Strack et al. 1988). According to the hypothesis the act of smiling and the movement of facial muscles send singles to the brain in which influencing our emotional state.

• Smiling promotes movement in your facial muscles
• The brain receives feedback from these muscles
• Resulting in feelings of happiness and amusement

The cognitive appraisal theory

This theory suggests that cognitive processes such as appraisal or evaluation determine the individuals emotional response rather than the actual event or situation. Individual evaluate the emotional event based on various factors, for instance, relevance, harm, benefit or coping availabilities (Scherer et al. 2001).

Involves two stages of appraisal:

1. Primary appraisal: assessing the significance of the event or situation
2. Secondary appraisal: the ability to cope with the event or situation

Neurobiology

From a neurobiological perspective, the impact of smiling on emotions is illuminated by studies using brain imaging techniques. These studies have identified specific brain regions associated with smiling, including the release of endorphins and activation of reward centres (Clark et al. 2020). These neurobiological findings provide further scientific support for the emotional influence of smiling.

How do emotions impact smiling?

Emotions impact smiling in the way it determines and influences why, when and how we smile.

Types of smiles that impact emotions

Duchenne smiles

Figure 2: A Duchenne smile. The mouth muscles lift the cheeks and crinkle the corners of the eyes.

Also known commonly known to as a genuine smile, Duchenne smiles are positive emotions such as happiness, joy, pleasure, fun, laughter and amusement often lead to Duchenne smiles (Gunnery & Hall, 2014). The smile characteristic include an individuals eyes involvement, causing the corners to crinkle and eyes to become narrow. Symmetry, often Duchenne smiles are symmetrical indicating authenticity and duration, often more prolonged. Thus, linking to the Facial Feedback hypothesis that smiles are reflections of positive emotional states.

Social smiles

These smiles are displayed in social interactions to showcase politeness and conformity. They convey friendliness and willingness to engage in social interactions, establishing and contributing to social connections. Social smiles link to the Social Interactionist perspective. The social interactionist perspective suggests that emotions are shaped by the social environment, and smiling is used as a tool for interacting and communicating (Morris & Keltner, 2000).

Emotion regulation strategy

Negative emotions such as anger, sadness, anxiety or fearfulness can trigger individuals use of smiling a coping strategy. As such individual may smile intentionally to allow themselves to shift to a positive emotional state. The Gross's model supports this strategy as it suggests including facial expression and movement like smiling to manage their emotions (Gross, 1999).

How smiling impacts emotions

The facial feedback hypothesis

One of the foundational studies in the field of smiling and emotional wellbeing research was conducted by Strack et al. (1988). Participants in the study were asked to hold a pen with their teeth (focring a smile) or with their lips (preventing a smile) while rating the pleasantness of cartoons. The results revealed that those with induced smiles reported higher ratings of pleasantness. This study provides empirical support for the idea that smiling can influence emotional states. However, its essential to consider the limitations. The forced smile induced in the study may not accurately represent genuine smiling. The research suggests that consciously choosing to smile, even in moments of low mood, may positively affects one's emotional state. This findings aligns with broader literature on emotional regulation, emphasising the role of facial expressions in modulating emotions (Lerner et al. 2014).

Duchenne smiles and emotional Responses

Soussignan's (2002) study delved into the impact of Duchenne smiles, which involve genuine happiness with eye muscle involvement, on emotional experiences and physiological arousal. Participants viewed emotionally charged images while displaying Duchenne smiles, non-Duchenne smiles, or neutral expressions. The results revealed that Duchenne smiles were associated with more positive emotional experiences and reduced autonomic arousal. While, the study provides evidence for the emotional strength of genuine smiles, it crucial to consider individual differences and situational factors that may moderate the relationship between smiling and emotions (Harker & Keltner, 2001). Authentic smiles, characterised by genuine happiness and eye involvement, have significant impact on emotional well-being by reducing physiological arousal. This aligns with the theory of positive psychology, emphasising the benefits of cultivating genuine positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2001).

Scenario Three One morning, Sandra entered her classroom looking visibly upset, the teacher greeted her with a heartfelt Duchenne smile. The teachers eyes sparkled with warmth, and her smile reached her eyes, reflecting her genuine concern for her wellbeing. Sandra was taken aback by the teachers authentic and warm greeting and couldn't help respond with a faint smile. Thus, demonstrating how the teacher's Duchenne smile conveyed not only kindness but understanding, encouragement and the ability to create an emotional connection. These interactions had an affect on Sandra and she was about to begin opening up and her struggles and seek support.

Smile intensity and cultural Differences

Abel and Kruger (2010) explored how the intensity of a smile influences perceptions of warmth and approachability. Participants viewed images of individuals with varying smile intensities and rated their perceived warmth. The findings indicated that broader smiles were associated with higher perceived warmth. Furthermore, authentic and warm smiles, characterised by broadness, have the potential to enhance interpersonal relationships by making individuals appear more approachable. Thus, aligning with research on the importance of positive social interactions for overall well-being (Cohen & Pressman, 2006)Template:Fe.

While this study sheds light on the social implications of smiling, its essential to understand the role of cultural and individual variations in interpreting smiles (Matsumoto et al., 2008). Matsumoto et al. (2008) study examined cultural variations in smiling behaviour and its interpretation. The research revealed significant differences in how various cultural perceive and respond to smiles. Understanding cultural differences in the interpretation of smiles is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and interpersonal relationships (Mesquita & Boiger, 2014).

Smiling as a coping mechanism

Furthermore, Kraft and Pressman's (2012) study investigated the use of smiling as a coping mechanism during stressful situations. Participants were asked to smile during stressful task, and heart rate recovery was measured as an indicator of stress reduction. The results indicated that participants who smiled during the stressful task displayed reduced heart rate recovery. Intentionally using smiling as a strategy during stressful situations may contribute to stress management and improved emotional wellbeing. Furthermore, this study supports the research of the effectiveness of positive coping strategies for emotional regulation (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004).

Recognising the emotional power of genuine smiles can promote strategies for enhancing emotional regulation, fostering positive social interactions and promoting well-being in diverse cultural contexts.

Quiz 1 How can smiling influence emotions? Smiling has no impact on emotions Smiling can reduce stress and increase happiness Smiling only affects negative emotions Smiling can make people more anxious 2 What is the facial feedback hypothesis? The idea that smiling is unrelated to emotions The belief that emotions have no impact on facial expressions The theory that facial expressions can influence emotions The concept that emotions are solely determined by genetics

Positive psychology

Figure 3: Positive psychology enhancing life satisfaction and emotional wellbeing

What is positive psychology?

Positive psychology focuses on human behaviour in a positive aspect such that it aims to understand and promote factors that contribute to a fulfilling and meaningful life. It is unlike traditional psychology, as it seeks to enhance and uncover the positive elements of human experience.

How does it contribute to smiling and emotion?

Positive psychology plays a fundamental role in the relationship between smiling and emotion (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000) as it provides a framework for understanding the topic and enhancing emotional wellbeing. The key ways positive psychology contribute to the relationship are (Fredrickson, 2001):

• Emphasis on positive emotions
• Smiling as an intervention
• Enhancing positive social Interactions
• Optimism and resilience
• Gratitude and positive Emotions

Practical application of positive psychology involve activities of gratitude journaling and smiling exercises, which encourage individuals to smile intentionally. By engaging in these practices, individuals can enhance their emotional well-being and foster a more positive outlook.

Conclusion

The relationship between emotions and smiling is dynamic and multifaceted. Smiling is a remarkable and versatile expression that plays a crucial role in the complex relationship between emotions and social interactions. Psychological theories suggest that smiling can influence emotions, while empirical research explains its positive impact on happiness, stress reduction, and social interaction. Offering valuable insights into the relationship and a deeper understanding of various types of smiles. Embracing the advantages of smiling while being mindful of its authenticity and appropriateness can contribute to more meaningful and emotionally satisfying connections with others.

Ultimately, the relationship between emotions and smiling highlights the intricate interplay between our internal experiences and our outward expressions. Further, focusing on the importances of awareness and emotional intelligence in navigating social interactions and building meaningful connections.

See also

• Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Smiling and emotion (Book chapter, 2022)
• Happiness (Wikiversity)
• Positive psychology (Wikiversity)
• Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Smiling, laughter, and happiness (Book Chapter, 2017)
• Facial Feedback Hypothesis (Wikipedia)
• Cognitive Appraisal (Wikipedia)

References

Abel, E. L., & Kruger, M. L. (2010). Smile Intensity in Photographs Predicts Longevity. Psychological Science, 21(4), 542-544. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610363775

Clark, E. A., Kessinger, J. N., Duncan, S. E., Bell, M. A., Lahne, J., Gallagher, D. L., & O'Keefe, S. F. (2020). The facial action coding system for characterization of human affective response to consumer product-based stimuli: a systematic review. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 920. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00920

Cohen, S., & Pressman, S. D. (2006). Positive Affect and Health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(3), 122-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00420.x

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218

Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion Regulation: Past, Present, Future. Cognition & Emotion, 13(5), 551–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379186

Gunnery, S.D., Hall, J.A. The Duchenne Smile and Persuasion. J Nonverbal Behaviour 38, 181–194 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-014-0177-1

Harker, L., & Keltner, D. (2001). Expressions of positive emotion in women's college yearbook pictures and their relationship to personality and life outcomes across adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.112

Keltner, D., & Bonanno, G. A. (1997). A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 687–702. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.687

Kraft, T. L., & Pressman, S. D. (2012). Grin and Bear It: The Influence of Manipulated Facial Expression on the Stress Response. Psychological Science, 23(11), 1372-1378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612445312

Krumhuber, E. G., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2009). Can Duchenne smiles be feigned? New evidence on felt and false smiles. Emotion, 9(6), 807–820. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017844

Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., Nakagawa, S., & Multinational Study of Cultural Display Rules. (2008). Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 925–937. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.925

Mesquita, B., & Boiger, M. (2014). Emotions in Context: A Sociodynamic Model of Emotions. Emotion Review, 6(4), 298-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914534480

Morris, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2000). How Emotions Work: The Social Functions of Emotional Expression in Negotiations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22, 1–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22002-9

Niedenthal, P. M., Mermillod, M., Maringer, M., & Hess, U. (2010). The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression. Behavioral and brain sciences, 33(6), 417-433. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X10000865

Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (Eds.). (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Oxford University Press.

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5

Soussignan, R. (2002). Duchenne smile, emotional experience, and autonomic reactivity: A test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Emotion, 2(1), 52–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.2.1.52

Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 768–777. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.768

Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320

External links

• Smiling can trick your brain into happiness — and boost your health (NBC News)
• A posed smile can improve your mood (Stanford research)