Esperanto/Lesson 8
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Ordinal numbers
editOrdinal numbers are "first", "second", "third", etc.. In Esperanto, ordinal numbers are formed by tacking on the adjective ending -a onto the cardinal numbers and, if, necessary to combine the words using hyphens. If written with numerals, the ending is tacked on with a hyphen (1-a, 2-a, 11-a, etc.)
Examples | ||||
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Cardinal number | Ordinal number | Meaning | Audio | |
unu | unua | first | ||
du | dua | second | ||
sep | sepa | seventh | ||
dek unu | dek-unua | eleventh | ||
tridek kvar | tridek-kvara | thirty-fourth | ||
ducent kvindek naŭ | ducent-kvindek-naŭa | 259th |
Affixes
editSeveral suffixes are most commonly used with numbers, although they can be used with other words, too.
-obl-
editThe suffix "-obla"/"-oble" indicates a multiple of the number, e.g. "double"/"twice", "five times", etc.
Examples | ||||
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Derived word | Meaning | Audio | ||
duobla duoble |
double twice |
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kvinobla kvinoble |
five times | |||
dek-duobla dek-duoble |
twelve times |
-on-
editThe suffix "-ono" indicates a fraction of the number, e.g. "half", "fifth", etc.
Examples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Derived word | Meaning | Audio | ||
duono duona |
a half half of |
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kvinono | a fifth | |||
dek-duono | one twelfth |
-op-
editThe suffix "-ope" indicates a group of the size of the number, e.g. "duo", "quartet", etc.
Examples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Derived word | Meaning | Audio | ||
duopo duope |
a duo by twos |
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kvinopo | a quintet | |||
dek-duope | every twelve, in groups of twelve | |||
gutope | drop-by-drop |
po
editpo is a preposition that roughly means "each". It is, however, placed near what is divided, unlike English "each", which is placed near the word over which it is divided.
Examples | ||||
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Sentence | Meaning | Audio | ||
Mi donis po tri pomojn al la knabinoj. | I gave the girls each three apples. But the English need not parallel Esperanto po: I gave each of the girls three apples. |
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Mi aĉetos po kvar librojn jare. | I will buy four books each year. | |||
Tiuj floroj kostas po kvin eŭrojn. | Those flowers cost five euros each. | |||
Ĉirkaŭ iliaj tabloj sidas po naŭ personoj, sed ĉirkaŭ miaj (tabloj) sidas neniu, sed po du personoj staris en tiuj. | Nine people each sit around their tables, around mine (my tables), however, no one sits, but two people each stand on them. | |||
Ni manĝos po kvarono de la kuko. | We will each eat a quarter of the pie. |
po can also be used with a phrase:
Examples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sentence | Meaning | Audio | ||
Mi donis al ŝi pomojn po skatolo. | I gave her apples per box. | |||
Li portos al ni la akvon po granda botelo. | He will carry the water to us in big bottles. |
Like other prepositions, po can be used in compounds, especially in adverbials:
Examples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compound | Meaning | Audio | ||
popece | per piece | |||
pogute | drop-wise | |||
poskatole | box-wise |
Vocabulary
editWord | Audio | Meaning |
---|---|---|
guto | drop (of a liquid) | |
nombro | number (seen abstractly) | |
cifero | figure, a number expressed in digits | |
numero | number identifying one object from another | |
kvanto | quantity | |
jaro | year | |
kosti | to cost | |
eŭro | euro | |
persono | person | |
neniu | no one | |
kuko | pie, cake | |
skatolo | box | |
peco | piece | |
Exercises
editYou can help expand this section. |