Bully Metric

Development Area

Six base units are included in the Bully Metric system. Two variants of the apan are defined as spacetime units. Three variants of the nat are defined as transformation units. And the symbol "e" is used to represent elementary charge (the charge of a single electron).

The term bully pulpit, meaning "superb" or "wonderful", was coined by United States President Theodore Roosevelt, founder of the Bull Moose Party.

The Bully Metric system was named in honor of actor Robin Williams' portrayal of US president Teddy Roosevelt. Roosevelt frequently used of the word "bully" and coined the phrase "bully pulpit". As noted in Merriam-Webster's dictionary, bully had a positive connotation through much of history.

“ The earliest meaning of English bully was 'sweetheart'. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, 'lover'. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker". ”

Bully spacetime units were originally derived from the orbital periods of various Solar System bodies. In particular, the number of seconds in Earth's sidereal year is 31558150 s = 10330 * 3055 s. Large astronomical objects, such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and the Solar System's giant planets, can be thought of as bullies both in the traditional meaning of "beautiful", but also in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. The bullies, in Bully Metric, are Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn.

Spacetime Units

ta = 30.55 femtoseconds (exact)

la = c × 30.55 femtoseconds (exact)
   = 9.1586595919 micrometers (exact)

The time apan (or timepan) (symbol ta) is by definition exactly 30.55 femtoseconds. The length apan (or lightpan or lengthpan) (symbol la) is by definition the distance light travels in vacuum in 30.55 femtoseconds. The scale of the Apan was selected so that the age and diameter of the visible Universe are approximately thirty orders of magnitude larger than the Apan, whereas the Planck time and Planck length are approximately thirty orders of magnitude smaller than the Apan.

The Bully Metric time unit
The Bully Metric length unit
Bully Timestamps (GitHub)

Transformation Units

En = 1.380649 x 10-23 joule / kelvin (exact)

Rn = (c3 / G) (exact)
   ≈ 4.0370 × 1035 kilogram / second (approximate)

An = 4 / (2π × KJ2 × RJ)  (exact)
   = 1.05457182 × 10-34 joule second (approximate)

e = 2 / (KJ × RJ) (exact)
  = 1.60217663 × 10-19 coulombs (approximate)

Table 1: Gravitational Mass

Body	mass
Sun	161227199.623(5)	Rn ta
Earth	484.2442275(10)	Rn ta
Moon	5.9587358(11)	Rn ta

The infonat (natural unit of entropy) (symbol En) is defined such that for an ideal gas in a given macrostate, the entropy of the gas divided by the natural logarithm of the number of real microstates would be equivalent to one infonat.

The rapinat (natural unit of rapidity) (symbol Rn) is defined such that an object with a standard gravitational parameter equal to the speed of light in vacuum cubed multiplied by 30.55 femtoseconds, will have a gravitational mass of one rapinat timepan. The dwarf planet Pluto has a gravitational mass of roughly one rapinat timepan. Earth's moon has a gravitational mass of approximately six rapinat timepan. It would take roughly six Pluto sized objects smashed together to form something with the mass of the Earth's moon. The first three digits of the Earth's mass can be approximated using the following: 1 Rn kta / (2 * 1.033) = 484 Rn ta. A few example masses are shown in Table 1.

Table 2: Quantum Rest Energy

Particle	rest energy
Neutron	43608632955	An / ta
Proton	43548604715	An / ta
Electron	23717311.411	An / ta
Neutrino	< 5.57	An / ta
Graviton	< 3.6	An / Zta

The actionat (natural unit of action) (symbol An), and elementary charge (symbol e), are defined such that if a Josephson Junction were exposed to microwave radiation of frequency 2 / 30.55 picoseconds (≈ 65.4664484 gigahertz), then the junction would form equidistant Shapiro steps with separation of 2π actionats per kilo-time-apan electron. Also,the quantum Hall effect will have resistance steps of multiples of 2π actionats per electron squared. A few example rest energies are listed in Table2.

Normalized Physical Constants

The definitions of the Bully Metric system ensure normalization of the speed of light (c), Newton's gravitational constant (G), the Boltzmann constant (k_B), the reduced Planck constant (ħ), and the elementary charge (e):

$c=1.0\,{\frac {la}{ta}}$ (exact)

$G=1.0\,{\frac {{la}^{3}}{Rn\,ta^{3}}}$ (exact)

$k_{B}=1.0\,En$ (exact)

$\hbar =1.0\,An$ (exact)

$elementary\,charge=1.0\,e$ (exact)

Physics Applications

The Bohr Atomic Model using Bully Metric units

Planck units and the Bully Metric

Table 3 below was taken from the Wikipedia Planck units article:

Table 3: Modern values for Planck's original choice of quantities

Name	Expression	Value (SI units)
Planck time	$t_{\text{P}}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar G}{c^{5}}}}$	5.391247(60)×10−44 s
Planck length	$l_{\text{P}}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar G}{c^{3}}}}$	1.616255(18)×10−35 m
Planck mass	$m_{\text{P}}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar c}{G}}}$	2.176434(24)×10-8 kg
Planck temperature	$T_{\text{P}}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar c^{5}}{Gk_{\text{B}}^{2}}}}$	1.416784(16)×1032 K

Planck to Bully conversion constant

Since c, G, k_B, and ħ are all normalized in the Bully system, this ensures that Bully units have a simple relationship with Planck's units. In fact, multiplying each value from Table 3 by 0.566660, results in the corresponding Bully value multiplied by 10^-30:

0.566660 × tP = 1.00001(11) × 10-30 ta
0.566660 × lP = 1.00001(11) × 10-30 la
0.566660 × mP = 1.00001(11) × 10-30 Rn ta

Table 4 below uses algebraic substitution to illustrate that there is one unique multiplicative constant that converts between Planck and Bully values. When Planck energy is included in the table (see "Planck energy" row in Table 4), one finds that the Planck to Bully conversion factor for energy is the inverse of the mass, time, and length conversion factor.

Table 4: Planck's units relationship with Bully units

Name	Expression
Planck time	$t_{\text{P}}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar G}{c^{5}}}}={\sqrt {\frac {An{\frac {la^{3}}{Rn\,ta^{3}}}}{\frac {la^{5}}{ta^{5}}}}}={\sqrt {\frac {An}{Rn\,la^{2}}}}\,ta$
Planck length	$l_{\text{P}}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar G}{c^{3}}}}={\sqrt {\frac {An{\frac {la^{3}}{Rn\,ta^{3}}}}{\frac {la^{3}}{ta^{3}}}}}={\sqrt {\frac {An}{Rn\,la^{2}}}}\,la$
Planck mass	$m_{\text{P}}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar c}{G}}}={\sqrt {\frac {An{\frac {la}{ta}}}{\frac {la^{3}}{Rn\,ta^{3}}}}}={\sqrt {\frac {An}{Rn\,la^{2}}}}\,Rn\,ta$
Planck energy	$m_{\text{P}}c^{2}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar {c^{5}}}{G}}}={\sqrt {\frac {An{\frac {la^{5}}{ta^{5}}}}{\frac {la^{3}}{Rn\,ta^{3}}}}}={\sqrt {\frac {Rn\,la^{2}}{An}}}\,{\frac {An}{ta}}$
Planck temperature	$T_{\text{P}}\times k_{\text{B}}=m_{\text{P}}c^{2}={\sqrt {\frac {Rn\,la^{2}}{An}}}\,{\frac {An}{ta}}$
∴	${\frac {t_{\text{P}}}{ta}}={\frac {l_{\text{P}}}{la}}={\frac {m_{\text{P}}}{Rn\,ta}}={\frac {\frac {An}{ta}}{m_{\text{P}}c^{2}}}={\sqrt {\frac {An}{Rn\,la^{2}}}}$

The meaning of Planck units

The Planck length and time are understood to represent the smallest meaningful size of each quantity. Looking at small objects through a microscope requires energy. If one were to build a microscope powerful enough to see objects at Planck length or smaller, the microscope would use so much energy that a black hole would form. In fact, the existence of objects on the Planck scale would cause a black hole.

Unlike the Planck length and time, the Planck mass of 2.176434(24)×10^-8 kg is not a minimum value, but rather, it is a crossover point. The Planck mass represents the boundary between gravitation and quantum mechanics. If an object has a mass much larger than the Planck mass then gravitational effects will become more important. If the mass is much smaller than the Planck mass then quantum mechanical effects will be more important.

Visible universe and the Bully Metric

The scale of the Apan was selected so that the age and diameter of the visible Universe are approximately thirty orders of magnitude larger than the Apan, whereas the Planck time and Planck length are approximately thirty orders of magnitude smaller than the Apan. The universe is currently understood to be 13.7 billion years old, which is 14.15 × 10³⁰ ta in Bully units. The radius of the visible universe is 46.508 billion light years, which is 48.04 × 10³⁰ la in Bully units.

The apan prefix table

SI prefixes have the same meaning and conventions when used with apan variants as they have when used with standard SI units. See Table 5 below for the list of SI prefixes used with apan variants. Also shown in the table are the smallest (Planck scale) and largest (Visible Universe) values for each unit.

Table 5: The apan prefix table

Prefix			Spacetime Symbols
Name	Symbol	Base 10	Time	Length	Charge
Maximum Value (Observable Universe)			$14.15\,Qta$	$48.04\,Qla$	—
quetta	Q	1030	Qta	Qla	Qe
ronna	R	1027	Rta	Rla	Re
yotta	Y	1024	Yta	Yla	Ye
zetta	Z	1021	Zta	Zla	Ze
exa	E	1018	Eta	Ela	Ee
peta	P	1015	Pta	Pla	Pe
tera	T	1012	Tta	Tla	Te
giga	G	109	Gta	Gla	Ge
mega	M	106	Mta	Mla	Me
kilo	k	103	kta	kla	ke
—	—	100	ta	la	e
milli	m	10−3	mta	mla	me
micro	μ	10−6	μta	μla	μe
nano	n	10−9	nta	nla	ne
pico	p	10−12	pta	pla	pe
femto	f	10−15	fta	fla	fe
atto	a	10−18	ata	ala	ae
zepto	z	10−21	zta	zla	ze
yocto	y	10−24	yta	yla	ye
ronto	r	10−27	rta	rla	re
quecto	q	10−30	qta	qla	qe
Minimum value (Planck Scale)			${\frac {qta}{0.566660}}$	${\frac {qla}{0.566660}}$	—

The Mass/Momentum/Energy prefix table

Mass, Momentum, and Energy are compound units in the Bully system. Table 6 below lists SI prefixes used with the rapinat for gravitational masses, and with the actionat for quantum mechanical masses. Also shown in the table is the Planck scale cross-over value where gravitational and quantum effects meet.

Table 6: The Mass/Momentum/Energy prefix table

Prefix			Bully Metric Symbols
Name	Symbol	Base 10	Mass	Momentum	Energy
quetta	Q	1030	Rn Qta	Rn Qla	Rn c Qla
Observable Universe Mass = 480 Rn Rta
ronna	R	1027	Rn Rta	Rn Rla	Rn c Rla
yotta	Y	1024	Rn Yta	Rn Yla	Rn c Yla
zetta	Z	1021	Rn Zta	Rn Zla	Rn c Zla
exa	E	1018	Rn Eta	Rn Ela	Rn c Ela
peta	P	1015	Rn Pta	Rn Pla	Rn c Pla
tera	T	1012	Rn Tta	Rn Tla	Rn c Tla
giga	G	109	Rn Gta	Rn Gla	Rn c Gla
mega	M	106	Rn Mta	Rn Mla	Rn c Mla
kilo	k	103	Rn kta	Rn kla	Rn c kla
Earth Mass = 484 Rn ta
—		100	Rn ta	Rn la	Rn c la
milli	m	10−3	Rn mta	Rn mla	Rn c mla
micro	μ	10−6	Rn μta	Rn μla	Rn c μla
nano	n	10−9	Rn nta	Rn nla	Rn c nla
pico	p	10−12	Rn pta	Rn pla	Rn c pla
femto	f	10−15	Rn fta	Rn fla	Rn c fla
atto	a	10−18	Rn ata	Rn ala	Rn c ala
zepto	z	10−21	Rn zta	Rn zla	Rn c zla
yocto	y	10−24	Rn yta	Rn yla	Rn c yla
ronto	r	10−27	Rn rta	Rn rla	Rn c rla
quecto	q	10−30	Rn qta	Rn qla	Rn c qla
Crossover value (Planck Scale) (21.765 micro-grams)			${\frac {Rn\,qta}{0.566660}}$	${\frac {Rn\,qla}{0.566660}}$	${\frac {Rn\,c\,qla}{0.566660}}$
			${\frac {0.566660\,An}{c\,qla}}$	${\frac {0.566660\,An}{qla}}$	${\frac {0.566660\,An}{qta}}$
quecto	q	10−30	An / c qla	An / qla	An / qta
ronto	r	10−27	An / c rla	An / rla	An / rta
yocto	y	10−24	An / c yla	An / yla	An / yta
zepto	z	10−21	An / c zla	An / zla	An / zta
atto	a	10−18	An / c ala	An / ala	An / ata
femto	f	10−15	An / c fla	An / fla	An / fta
pico	p	10−12	An / c pla	An / pla	An / pta
nano	n	10−9	An / c nla	An / nla	An / nta
micro	μ	10−6	An / c μla	An / μla	An / μta
milli	m	10−3	An / c mla	An / mla	An / mta
1.00 electronvolt = 46.414 An / ta
—		100	An / c la	An / la	An / ta
kilo	k	103	An / c kla	An / kla	An / kta
mega	M	106	An / c Mla	An / Mla	An / Mta
giga	G	109	An / c Gla	An / Gla	An / Gta
tera	T	1012	An / c Tla	An / Tla	An / Tta
peta	P	1015	An / c Pla	An / Pla	An / Pta
exa	E	1018	An / c Ela	An / Ela	An / Eta
zetta	Z	1021	An / c Zla	An / Zla	An / Zta
yotta	Y	1024	An / c Yla	An / Yla	An / Yta
ronna	R	1027	An / c Rla	An / Rla	An / Rta
quetta	Q	1030	An / c Qla	An / Qla	An / Qta

Traditional Units

Bully variations of traditional units of measure may be accepted for use within the Bully system, provided the traditional unit is not uniquely defined, or used in contexts that will cause confusion with a competing Bully definition, and provided the Bully definition is a simple integer multiple of Bully base units.

The following traditional units are accepted for use within the Buly system:

• 1 Bully Mile = 200 megapan (0.9891 nautical miles)
• 1 Bully Fathom = 200 kilopan (72.115 inches)
• 1 Bully Cubit = 50 kilopan (18.029 inches)
• 1 Bully Span = 25 kilopan (9.014 inches)
• 1 Cubit³ = 25 Bully Gallons (101.47 US quarts)
• 1 Bully Gallon = 5,000 kilopan³ (4.059 US quarts)
• 1 Bully Spoon = 20 kilopan³ (1.039 US tablespoons)
• 1 Bully Dash = 1 kilopan³ (0.7682 milliliter)
• 1 Bully Stone = 500 Rn yta (13.59477 pounds)