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Solar System, technical/Ceres

< Solar System, technical

Ceres appears to be a rocky-object and an astronomical object.

Ceres is seen by the Hubble Space Telescope, Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The contrast has been enhanced to reveal surface details. Credit: NASA, ESA, J. Parker (Southwest Research Institute), P. Thomas (Cornell University), and L. McFadden (University of Maryland, College Park).
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Subject classification: this is an astronomy resource.

Notation

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Notation: let the symbol Def. indicate that a definition is following.

Notation: let the symbols between [ and ] be replacement for that portion of a quoted text.

Notation: let the symbol ... indicate unneeded portion of a quoted text.

Sometimes these are combined as [...] to indicate that text has been replaced by ....

Universals

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Def. a "characteristic or property that particular things have in common"[1] is called a universal.

"When we examine common words, we find that, broadly speaking, proper names stand for particulars, while other substantives, adjectives, prepositions, and verbs stand for universals."[2]

Such words as "entity", "object", "thing", and perhaps "body", words "connoting universal properties, ... constitute the very highest genus or "summum genus"" of a classification of universals.[3] To propose a definition for say a plant whose flowers open at dawn on a warm day to be pollinated during the day time using the word "thing", "entity", "object", or "body" seems too general and is.

To help with definitions, their meanings and intents, there is the learning resource theory of definition.

Proof of concept

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Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"[4] is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of

  1. background,
  2. procedures,
  3. findings, and
  4. interpretation.[5]

Control group

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File:Lewis rat.jpg
This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.

The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s).[6] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group [such as composed of Lewis rats, imaged at right], receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.[7]"[8]

Astronomy

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Planetary science

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The Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND) onboard the Dawn spacecraft "is based on similar instruments flown on the Lunar Prospector and Mars Odyssey space missions. It will be used to measure the abundances of the major rock-forming elements (oxygen, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, titanium, and iron) on Vesta and Ceres, as well as potassium, thorium, uranium, and water (inferred from hydrogen content).[9][10][10][11][12][13]"[14]

Colors

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Minerals

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Theoretical planetary astronomy

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Def. "a celestial body that

(a) is in orbit around the Sun,

(b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape,

(c) has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit, and

(d) is not a satellite" is called a dwarf planet.[15]

"Ceres ... is the smallest identified dwarf planet in the solar system".[16]

Asteroid belt

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"Ceres ... is ... the only [dwarf planet] in the asteroid belt.[17]"[16]

History

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“When Ceres has an opposition near the perihelion, it can reach a visual magnitude of +6.7.[18] This is generally regarded as too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but under exceptional viewing conditions a very sharp-sighted person may be able to see this dwarf planet.”[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "universal, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 28, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  2. ↑ Bertrand Russel (1912). Chapter 9, In: The Problems of Philosophy. 
  3. ↑ Irving M. Copi (1955). Introduction to Logic. New York: The MacMillan Company. pp. 472. 
  4. ↑ "proof of concept, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  5. ↑ Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). "Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study". Lancet 366 (9485): 549-55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673605670985. Retrieved 2012-05-09. 
  6. ↑ Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover. 
  7. ↑ R. A. Bailey (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~rab/DOEbook/. 
  8. ↑ "Treatment and control groups, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  9. ↑ "Science Payload". Retrieved 2010-03-21.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "GRaND science instrument moves closer to launch from Cape". Retrieved 2010-03-21. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Righter" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Michael J. Drake (2001). "The eucrite/Vesta story". Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36 (4): 501–13. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2001.tb01892.x. 
  12. ↑ Thomas H. Prettyman (2004). "Mapping the elemental composition of Ceres and Vesta: Dawn[quotation mark]s gamma ray and neutron detector". Proceedings of SPIE. 5660. pp. 107. doi:10.1117/12.578551. 
  13. ↑ . doi:10.1109/TNS.2003.815156. 
  14. ↑ "Dawn (spacecraft), In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
  15. ↑ Lars Lindberg Christensen (August 24, 2006). "IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Ceres (dwarf planet), In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. March 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  17. ↑ "NASA – Dawn at a Glance". NASA. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  18. ↑ Menzel, Donald H.; Pasachoff, Jay M. (1983). A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-395-34835-2. 

Further reading

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{{Astronomy resources}} {{Principles of radiation astronomy}}

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