PlanetPhysics/Supercategory

A supercategory is defined axiomatically in terms of ETAS () as a non-Abelian structure consisting of classes of objects ${\mathcal {O}}$ and/or classes of categorical diagrams ${\mathcal {D}}$ with multiple structures $S_{0},S_{1},...,S_{n}$ (with $(n+1)$ being an integer called its structural dimension or order )-- such as, algebraic, topological, geometric, and analytical—that also have defined distinct ETAS composition laws $\Gamma _{1}:=\circ ,\Gamma _{2}:=*,\Gamma _{3}:=**,...,\Gamma _{n}$, defined for each type of structure, subject to the ETAS composition law axioms for $\Gamma$'s. Such composition laws form a finite collection denoted as ${\mathcal {L}}_{Sn}$.

Examples

Let us consider first a simple example of an ${\mathcal {S}}_{1}$ supercategory of 1st order defined with a single composition law of functors as in the standard definition of a functor category. Thus, a less general definition of supercategory was recently introduced in mathematical (`categorified') physics, on the web's n-category caf\'e s web site under "Supercategories". This is a rather `simple' example of supercategory, albeit in a much more restricted sense as it still involves only one composition law for the functors, and also its components are all small categories; this functor category is sometimes called a `super-category ' in the published literature. Thus, the following specific example of an ${\mathcal {S}}_{1}$ supercategory begins with a standard definition of such a super-category, or `super category' (functor category) from category theory; it becomes interesting as it is being tailored to supersymmetry and extensions of `Lie' superalgebras, or superalgebroids, which are sometimes called graded `Lie' algebras that are thought to be relevant to quantum gravity ( and references cited therein). The following is an almost exact quote from the above n-Category cafe's website posted by Dr. Urs Schreiber:

A super-category is a diagram of the form: $\diamond \diamond Id_{C}\diamond '''C'''\diamond \diamond s$ in Cat --the category of categories and (homo-) functors between categories-- such that: Failed to parse (unknown function "\textsl"): {\displaystyle \diamond \diamond \textsl{Id} \diamond \diamond Id_C \diamond '''C''' \diamond '''C''' \diamond \diamond s \diamond \diamond s = \diamond \diamond Id_C \diamond Id_C \diamond \diamond \textsl{Id}} , \\ (where the `diamond' symbol should be replaced by the symbol `square', as in the original Dr.Urs Schreiber's postings.) This specific instance is that of a supercategory which has only one object -- the above quoted superdiagram of diamonds, an arbitrary abstract category C (subject to all ETAC axioms), and the standard category identity (homo-) functor; it can be further specialized to the previously introduced concepts of supergroupoids (also definable as crossed complexes of groupoids), and supergroups (also definable as crossed modules of groups), which seem to be of great interest to mathematicians involved in `Categorified' mathematical physics or Physical Mathematics. The geometric picture that one is tempted to associate with this `linear super-category' is that of a 'string of pearls'. This definition of a linear 'supercategory' was then followed up with an even more interesting example. "What, in this sense, is a "braided monoidal supercategory ?" ". Urs, suggested the following answer: like an ordinary braided monoidal category is a 3-category which in lowest degrees looks like the trivial 2-group, a braided monoidal supercategory is a 3-category which in lowest degree looks like the strict 2-group that comes from the crossed module Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikiversity.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle G(2)=(\diamond 2 \diamond \textsl{Id} \diamond 2)} . Urs called this generalization of stabilization of n-categories, $G(2)$-stabilization . So the claim would be that braided monoidal supercategories come from $G(2)$-stabilized 3-categories, with $G(2)$ the above strict 2-group. In view of the interpretation of this Urs type of ${\mathcal {S}}_{1}$ supercategory as a category equipped with an "odd vector field", it may be more appropriately called a '\htmladdnormallink{vector field {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/NeutrinoRestMass.html} ${\mathcal {S}}_{1}$-supercategory}'.

One can readily extend the above definition of a one-object super-category to a two-object, and... n-object , proper supercategory using more that one category, more than one $Id_{X}$, and several types of diamond, square, and so on, to define an $n$—supercategory; thus, one ends up with several, connected `strings of pearls into a tangled strand'--the intuitive picture of a proper n-supercategory, $\S _{n}$.

The 2-category of double groupoids is another example of an ${\mathcal {S}}_{1}$ supercategory.

The following subsection lists examples of supercategories, including types of supercategories that have applications in categorical logics and general system dynamics (i.e. beyond ODE's).

A partial list of examples of supercategories

1. functor categories;
2. 2-categories, super-categories and n-categories; categories of categories (that are often considered for the foundation of mathematics);
3. higher dimensional algebras (HDA): double groupoids,double algebroids, crossed complexes of groupoids, crossed complexes of algebroids, superalgebroids, double categories, multiple categories, $\omega$ and cubic structures,
4. organismic supercategories;
5. algebraic theories of organismic sets;
6. standard `super-categories' redefined as supercategories;
7. super-categories of metabolic-repair, or $(M,R)$-systems;
8. super-categories of \L{}ukasiewicz algebraic (3-valued) logics;
9. supercategories of quantum automata;
10. $LM_{n}$-generalized toposes
11. toposes (or topoi) of genetic networks and human interactomes;
12. supercategories of Post algebraic logics;
13. supercategories of MV-algebraic logics.

Several specific examples of organismic supercategories were developed in a series of mathematical biology publications listed in the bibliography.

Supercategories, and especially, organismic supercategories provide an unified conceptual framework for abstract relational biology that utilizes flexible, algebraic and topological structures which transform naturally under heteromorphisms or heterofunctors, and natural transformations.

One of the major advantages of the ETAS axiomatic approach, which was inspired by the work of Lawvere (,), is that ETAS avoids all the antimonies/paradoxes previously reported for sets, sets of sets, involving for example the elementhood relation or infinite sets, the axiom of choice, and so on (Russell and Whitehead, 1925, and Russell, 1937;). ETAS also provides an axiomatic approach to recent higher dimensional algebra (,) applications to complex systems biology (, and references cited therein).

A simple example of ETAS axioms ()

• (a). The eight ETAC axioms introduced by W. F. Lawvere for same type morphisms, functors, natural transformations and other arrows in higher dimensions.
• (b). A family of composition laws $\left\{\Gamma _{i}\right\}$, with $i=1,2,...,n$, and each $\Gamma _{i}$ being subject to ETAC axioms 5 to 7;
• (c). The composition law conditions in the ETAC axioms 8a to 8c will apply only to (small) subclasses of homo-morphisms and homo-functors (but will not apply to hetero-morphisms and hetero-functors);
• (d). Hetero-morphism and hetero-functor axioms specifying how two composition laws interact, involving also objects with different structure or type.

Generic example of an ETAS with ten axioms

0. For any letters $x,y,u,A,B$, and unary function symbols $\Delta _{0}$ and $\Delta _{1}$, and composition law $\Gamma$, the following are defined as formulas: $\Delta _{0}(x)=A$, $\Delta _{1}(x)=B$, $\Gamma (x,y;u)$, and $x=y$; These formulas are to be, respectively, interpreted as ``$A$ is the domain of $x$", ``$B$ is the codomain, or range, of $x$", ``$u$ is the composition $x$ followed by $y$", and ``$x$ equals $y$".

1. If $\Phi$ and $\Psi$ are formulas, then "$[\Phi ]$ and $[\Psi ]$" , "$[\Phi ]$ or$[\Psi ]$", "$[\Phi ]\Rightarrow [\Psi ]$", and "$[not\Phi ]$" are also formulas.

2. If $\Phi$ is a formula and $x$ is a letter, then "$\forall x[\Phi ]$", "$\exists x[\Phi ]$" are also formulas.

3. A string of symbols is a formula in ETAS iff it follows from the above axioms 0 to 2.

A sentence is then defined as any formula in which every occurrence of each letter $x$ is within the scope of a quantifier, such as $\forall x$ or $\exists x$. The theorems of ETAS are defined as all those sentences which can be derived through logical inference from the following ETAS axioms:

4. $\Delta _{i}(\Delta _{j}(x))=\Delta _{j}(x)$ for $i,j=0,1$.

5. $\Gamma (x,y;u)$ and $\Gamma (x,y;u')\Rightarrow u=u'$.

5. $\exists u[\Gamma (x,y;u)]\Rightarrow \Delta _{1}(x)=\Delta _{0}(y)$;

7. $\Gamma (x,y;u)\Rightarrow \Delta _{0}(u)=\Delta _{0}(x)$ and $\Delta _{1}(u)=\Delta _{1}(y)$.

8. Identity axiom: $\Gamma (\Delta _{0}(x),x;x)$ and $\Gamma (x,\Delta _{1}(x);x)$ yield always the same result.

7. Associativity axiom: $\Gamma (x,y;u)$ and $\Gamma (y,z;w)$ and $\Gamma (x,w;f)$ and $\Gamma (u,z;g)\Rightarrow f=g$. With these axioms in mind, one can see that commutative diagrams can be now regarded as certain abbreviated formulas corresponding to systems of equations such as: $\Delta _{0}(f)=\Delta _{0}(h)=A$, $\Delta _{1}(f)=\Delta _{0}(g)=B$, $\Delta _{1}(g)=\Delta _{1}(h)=C$ and $\Gamma (f,g;h)$, instead of $g\circ f=h$ for the arrows f, g, and h, drawn respectively between the `objects' A, B and C, thus forming a `triangular commutative super-diagram` in the usual sense of category theory. Compared with the ETAS formulas such diagrams have the advantage of a geometric--intuitive image of their equivalent underlying equations. The common property of A of being an object is written in shorthand as the abbreviated formula Obj(A) standing for the following three equations:

8. $A=\Delta _{0}(A)=\Delta _{1}(A)$,

9. $\exists x[A=\Delta _{0}(x)]\exists y[A=\Delta _{1}(y)]$,

and

10. $\forall x\forall u[\Gamma (x,A;u)\Rightarrow x=u]$ and $\forall y\forall v[\Gamma (A,y;v)]\Rightarrow y=v$ .

Intuitively, with this terminology and axioms a supercategory is meant to be any structure which is a direct interpretation of these ten ETAS axioms. A heterofunctor is then understood to be a triple consisting of two such supercategories (or classes of objects, diagrams, etc.) and of a set, or proper class, of rules $\S _{H}$ ('the hetero-functor') which assigns to each arrow or morphism $x$ of the first supercategory, a unique morphism, written as `$\S _{H}(x)$' of the second category, in such a way that the usual conditions on objects (but not on arrows) are fulfilled (see for example \cite {ICBM})-- the functor is well behaved, it carries object identities to image object identities, and commutative super-diagrams (or classes) to image commmutative super-diagrams of the corresponding image objects and image (hetero)morphisms between objects with different structures, as well as homo-morphisms (between objects with the same type of structure , such as groupoid homomorphisms, or topological space homeomorphisms, automata homomorphisms, etc.). At the next level, one then defines natural transformations or functorial morphisms between functors as metalevel abbreviated formulas and equations pertaining to commutative diagrams of the distinct images of two functors acting on both objects and morphisms. As the name indicates natural transformations are also well--behaved in terms of the ETAC equations satisfied. \\ Remark: The example shown above is the ETAS formulation closest to ETAC—axioms for categories and super-categories, or categories of categories in volved in the foundations of most Mathematics, (cf. Lawvere and others); see also and the entry on axiomatic theory of supercategories. \\

Additional explanation of the examples of supercategories listed above

In the usual sense, super-categories are defined as categories of categories, and the process is repeated in higher dimensions in n-categories. There is however a `more geometric', or `gluing' construction of double categories, double groupoids (, and double algebroids ) that involves additional conditions or axioms leading to non-Abelian higher dimensional structures and Higher Dimensional Algebra (HDA;, and ). Similarly, the construction of supercategories (), unlike that of $n$-categories, allows for `gluing' together distinct structures and/or their corresponding diagrams (such as algebraic and topological ones), through hetero-morphisms or hetero-functors, which are arrows (not necessarily subject to all of the ETAC axioms) linking distinct structures into the superstructure called a 'supercategory'; the latter is a generalized type of double groupoid, double category, 2-category,..., n-category or super—category/meta—category, that always involves only diagrams of homo-morphisms at each level, but also includes hetero-morphisms or hetero-functors, and so on, between different types of structures. Proper supercategories could also be called n-ary super-categories, or multi-categories , in the sense of extending double groupoid, double algebroid and double category structures to higher dimensions. Note however that even in a general, abstract supercategory at the level of diagrams of homo-morphisms, homo-functors, natural transformations, or any n-categories with only one type of arrows at each level, all the ETAC axioms still hold. On the other hand, at the levels of supercategorical diagrams, or superdiagrams, involving several types of morphisms, or hetero-morphisms and hetero-functors, several of the rules for connecting diagrams are weakened, and the result is a superstructure which does not have all naturality conditions satisfied by all arrows, and one has additional composition laws, such as $\Gamma ',\Gamma '',...$, and so on, satisfying new ETAS axioms that are not allowed in ETAC. Thus, additional ETAS axioms are needed to also specify how such distinct composition laws are combined within the same superstructure. Any interpretation of ETAS axioms (that may include also the ETAC axioms for the special cases of categories, n-categories, double categories, etc) then defines a supercategory .

: Organismic supercategory (, and.

An example of a supercategory interpreting such ETAS axioms as those stated above was previously defined for organismic structures with different levels of complexity (); an organismic supercategory was thus defined as a superstructure interpretation of ETAS (including ETAC, as appropriate) in terms of triples $'''K'''=(''C'',\Pi ,''N'')$, where C is an arbitrary category (interpretation of ETAC axioms, formulas, etc.), $\Pi$ is a category of complete self--reproducing entities, $\pi$, () subject to the negation of the axiom of restriction (for elements of sets): $\exists S:(S\neq \oslash )~and~\forall u:[u\in S)\Rightarrow \exists v:(v\in u)~and~(v\in S)]$, (which is known to be independent from the ordinary logico-mathematical and biological reasoning), and $''N''$ is a category of non-atomic expressions, defined as follows. An atomically self—reproducing entity is a unit class relation $u$ such that $\pi \pi \left\langle \pi \right\rangle$, which means "$\pi$ stands in the relation $\pi$ to $\pi$", $\pi \pi \left\langle \pi ,\pi \right\rangle$, etc. An expression that does not contain any such atomically self--reproducing entity is called a non-atomic expression .

Note: Supercategories are mapped ('morphed', transformed or linked) by hetero-functors (or 'heterofunctors'); hetero-functors are defined as a natural extension of the concept of functor between categories, in the sense that they link objects from different categorical diagrams or categories with different structures following rules and axioms specified by the elementary theory of abstract supercategories, ETAS.