Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Quantum Inductance

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Quantum Inductance is the physical value that can be obtained from the density of states (DOS) approach, first introduced by Serge Luryi (1988) [1] to describe the 2D-electronic systems in silicon surfaces and AsGa junctions. This inductance is defined through standard density of states in the solids. Quantum inductance can be used in the Quantum Hall effect (integer and fractional) investigations as an approach which uses Quantum LC circuit.

Theory

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Classical flat inductance

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For the standard classical series   circuit the planar inductance can be defined as:

 

where   is the vacuum permeability,   is the relative permeability,   is the MOSFET channel surface,   is the channel cross section,   is the channel depth,   is the channel length,   is the channel width,   is the turn number of the planar induction coil,   is the helix step of induction coil.

In the quantum limits, unknown parameter could be estimated by the following:

 ,

where  ,  ,   H and   m2. Therefore we shall have the quantum value about Compton wavelength of electron  :

  m.

Quantum inductance in quantum tunneling

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Josephson junction quantum inductance

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Electromagnetic induction (Faraday) law is:

 

where   is magnetic flux,   is the Josephson junction quantum inductance and   is the Josephson junction current.

DC Josephson equation for current is:

 

where   is the Josephson scale for current,   is the phase difference between superconductors.

Current derivative on time variable will be:

 

AC Josephson equation is:

 

where   is the reduced Planck constant,   is the Josephson magnetic flux quantum,   and   is the elementary charge.

Combining equations for derivatives yields junction voltage:

 

where

 

is the Deboret (1997) [2] quantum inductance.

DOS quantum inductance

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In the general case 2D-density of states (DOS) in a solid can be defined by the following:

 ,

where   is current carriers effective mass in a solid,   is the electron mass, and   is a dimensionless parameter, which considers band structure of the solid. So, the quantum inductance can be defined as follows:

 

where   is the magnetic flux quantum,   is the resonator surface area,   is the elementary surface area,   is the coefficient of area,   is the elementary quantum inductance, and another ideal quantum inductance is:

  H,

where   is the vacuum permeability,   is the magnetic coupling constant,   is the fine structure constant and   is the Compton wavelength of electron.

Quantum inductance in quantum Hall effect

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The quantum inductance in the QHE mode will be:

 ,

where the carrier concentration per unit area in magnetic field   is:

 

By analogy, the quantum capacitance in the QHE mode will be:

 ,

where

 

is DOS definition of the quantum capacitance per unit area according to Luryi, [1] and   is the elementary quantum capacitance per unit area at  , and another ideal quantum capacitance per unit area is: [3]

  F/m2,

where   is the electric constant.

The standard wave impedance definition for the QHE LC circuit can be presented as:

 ,

where   is the von Klitzing constant for resistance.

The standard resonant frequency definition for the QHE LC circuit can be presented as:

 ,

where   is the standard cyclotron frequency in the magnetic field  .

Quantum inductance per unit of area in a quantum dot

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The first quantum inductance, based on the density of states approach was introduced by Wang et al. (2007) [4]. These authors modernized Buttiker approach (1993) [5] considering quantum dot (QD, labeled by “I”), placed over the metallic electrode (ME, labeled by “II”), and quantum capacitance. The quantum dot has the injected charge and induced charge per unit of area:

 ,

where injection charge is:

 ,

and induced charge is:

 .

Therefore the resulting charge will be

 ,
 ,

where   and   are frequency dependent density of states for QD and ME,   and   are the external AC potentials applied to the QD and ME and   is a frequency dependent capacitance per unit of area connected with the potentials;   and   are the proper frequency dependent electric potentials due to QD and ME, and   is a capacitance per unit of area connected with the potentials.

From the above we can obtain the following equation for the quantum capacitance per unit of area of the considered quantum system:

 .

The quantum density of states for QD as a function of frequency   can be expressed as:

 

where   and   and  

For the quantum capacitor at low frequencies, there exists a charge relaxation resistance:  , for a single channel plate. Therefore, the considered system has the charge build-up time per unit of area due to the RC-time:

 .

However, the complexity of the density of states quantum capacitance produces another dwell time parameter   per unit of area, due to the quantum inductance. Actually, the general expression for quantum capacitance per unit of area can be expanded into a Taylor series to second order in frequency:

 ,

where   on the right hand side is the static electrochemical capacitance.

For a classical RLC circuit with capacitance  , resistance   and inductance  , the dynamic conductance is

 ,

Expanding this expression in power series of  , we obtain

 .

Since a capacitor conductance  , we obtain the following values for quantum resistance and inductance per unit of area:

 ,
 ,

where   is the von Klitzing constant.

Let us consider in more detail obtained values of reactive parameters of the system per unit of area:

 
 
 
 
 

where line width function:

 

So, we have the first definition of quantum inductance for the DOS.

Experiments

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Quantum inductance in quantum tunnelling

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Quantum inductance in silicon MOSFETs

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Semi-classical serial RLC circuit

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In the general case the characteristic impedance of RLC circuit can be defined as:

 .

The resonant parameters of the RLC circuit (without dissipation, when   and   ) will be:

 ,
 .

Semi-classical inductance and capacitance could be defined through the quantum values by the following:   and  .

So, the resulting value of quantum resonant impedance will be:   (impedance of free space).

Let us consider in more detail the semi-classical wave impedance in the form:

 .

Expanding this expression in power series of   and  , we shall obtain for the first order:

 .

Considering that   and  , the semi-classical wave impedance can be rewritten as:

 .

Experimental results

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The first semi-classical resonant LC circuit was discovered by Yakymakha (1994) [3] during MOSFET spectroscopic investigation in the frequency band 100H – 20kH. Obtained value for the cycle resonance frequency (5088 rad/s), permits to make estimations for the quantum reactive MOSFETs parameters. Quantum capacitance was defined as:

 

where   is the MOSFET surface area and   is the flat quantum capacitance thickness.

Quantum inductance was defined as:

 ,

where   is the flat quantum inductance thickness.

Experimental results prove that flat quantum inductance and capacitance thicknesses were about the Compton wavelength of electron:

 .

Quantum Hall Effect

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The first attempts were made by Cage and Jeffery (1996) [6] to consider QHE devices as resonant LC circuit. These investigations were made due to the program of the AC-measuring resistor standards. However, the considered model used only classical approach to the reactive parameters of the Landau levels.

See also

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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Serge Luryi (1988). "Quantum capacitance device". Appl.Phys.Lett. 52(6). Pdf
  2. Deboret M.H. (1997). "Quantum Fluctuations". Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp.351-386. Pdf
  3. 3.0 3.1 Yakymakha O.L., Kalnibolotskij Y.M. (1994). Very-low-frequency resonance of MOSFET amplifier parameters. Solid- State Electronics 37(10),1739-1751.
  4. Jian Wang, Baigeng Wang, and Hong Guo (2007). “Quantum inductance and negative electrochemical capacitance at finite frequency”. arXive:cond-mat/0701360v.Pdf
  5. M. Buttiker (1993). "Capacitance, admittance, and rectification properties of small conductors" J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 5, 9361. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/5/50/017 Abstract
  6. M. E. Cage and A. Jeffery (1996).. “Intrinsic Capacitances and Inductances of Quantum Hall Effect Devices”. ‘’J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.’’ 101(6), 733 Pdf
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