OpenStax Astronomy/Test 2 Study guide

Astronomy midterm Test 2 Study Guide

This document should proper pagebreaks if printed using your browser's print option. On Chrome, Explorer, and Firefox, this option is available in the upper right hand corner of your screen. But, pagebreaks do not render properly if you use "Printable version" on Wikiversity's Print/export option on the left-hand sidebar.

At the end of this document: Attribution for the quizzes identifies where the questions were obtained; Study guide links reading materials and/or relevant equations.

Astronomy midterm Test 2 Study Guide-v1s1

1. At noon a waning gibbous moon would be}

___ a) nadir

___ b) high in western sky

___ c) overhead

___ d) western horizon

___ e) below the western horizon

2. At 9am a waxing crescent moon would be}

___ a) eastern horizon

___ b) high in eastern sky

___ c) below the western horizon

___ d) overhead

___ e) nadir

3. At 6pm a waxing crescent moon would be}

___ a) eastern horizon

___ b) overhead

___ c) western horizon

___ d) high in western sky

___ e) nadir

4. At 9pm a full moon would be}

___ a) below the western horizon

___ b) eastern horizon

___ c) overhead

___ d) high in eastern sky

___ e) nadir

5. At midnight a waning gibbous moon would be}

___ a) below the western horizon

___ b) high in western sky

___ c) eastern horizon

___ d) western horizon

___ e) high in eastern sky

6. At 9pm a third quarter moon would be}

___ a) high in eastern sky

___ b) below the western horizon

___ c) high in western sky

___ d) below the eastern horizon

___ e) nadir

7. At 9am a new moon would be}

___ a) below the western horizon

___ b) high in western sky

___ c) eastern horizon

___ d) high in eastern sky

___ e) overhead

8. At 6pm a waning crescent moon would be}

___ a) below the eastern horizon

___ b) western horizon

___ c) eastern horizon

___ d) nadir

___ e) below the western horizon

9. At 3pm a full moon would be}

___ a) high in eastern sky

___ b) below the western horizon

___ c) western horizon

___ d) nadir

___ e) below the eastern horizon

10. At 6pm a waxing gibbous moon would be}

___ a) eastern horizon

___ b) high in eastern sky

___ c) below the western horizon

___ d) nadir

___ e) western horizon

11. ____ motion is in the usual direction, and _______ is motion that has temporarily reversed itself.

___ a) elliptical; retrograde

___ b) direct; retrograde

___ c) indirect; direct

___ d) direct; elliptical

___ e) retrograde; direct

12. Under what conditions would a planet not seem to rise in the east and set in the west?

___ a) if the observer is below the equator

___ b) if the observer is near the north or south poles

___ c) if the planet is in retrograde motion

___ d) if the planet is in elliptical motion

___ e) if the planet is in direct motion

13. When the faster moving Earth overtakes a slower planet outside Earth's orbit

___ a) all of these are true

___ b) tidal forces can be observed on the planet

___ c) retrograde motion occurs

___ d) tidal forces can be observed on Earth

___ e) two of these are true

14. Which planet spends more days in a given retrograde?

___ a) Mars

___ b) Saturn

___ c) Earth

___ d) They are all equal

___ e) It depends on the season

15. Which planet has more days between two consecutive retrogrades?

___ a) Mars

___ b) It depends on the season

___ c) Earth

___ d) Saturn

___ e) They are all equal

16. A planet that is very, very far from the Sun would be in retrograde for approximately ___ months.

___ a) 24

___ b) 6

___ c) 12

___ d) 1

___ e) 3

17. If a planet that is very, very far from the Sun begins a retrograde, how many months must pass before it begins the next retrograde?

___ a) 3

___ b) 6

___ c) 1

___ d) 24

___ e) 12

18. Planet comes from the Greek word for 'wanderer'.

___ a) true

___ b) false

19. We know that Galileo saw Neptune, but is not credited with its discovery because

___ a) he never published his drawing

___ b) he thought it was a moon of Saturn

___ c) none of these are true

___ d) it was in a transition between retrograde and direct motion

___ e) it was too faint to be worth drawing

20. Kepler began his career as a teacher of

___ a) philosophy

___ b) history

___ c) astronomy

___ d) mathematics

___ e) theology

21. Kepler is also known for his improvements to

___ a) Ptolemy's star charts

___ b) the telescope

___ c) a perpetual motion machine

___ d) translations of the Bible

___ e) the abacus

22. In Kepler's era, astronomy was usually considered a part of natural philosophy

___ a) true

___ b) false

23. In Kepler's era, astronomy was usually considered a part of mathematics

___ a) true

___ b) false

24. In Kepler's era, astronomy closely linked to astrology

___ a) true

___ b) false

25. In Kepler's era, physics (how and why things moved) was usually considered a part of natural philosophy

___ a) true

___ b) false

26. Kepler incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work

___ a) true

___ b) false

27. Kepler avoided religious arguments and reasoning in his work

___ a) true

___ b) false

28. How would one describe the status of Kepler's family when he was a child?

___ a) neither wealthy nor of noble birth

___ b) his father and grandfather were scientists

___ c) wealth and of noble birth

___ d) of noble birth, but in poverty

___ e) wealthy but not of noble birth

29. As a child, Kepler's interest in astronomy grew as a result of

___ a) a lunar eclipse

___ b) a comet

___ c) a solar eclipse

___ d) two of these

___ e) watching his uncle make a telescope

30. When Kepler's studies at the university were over, what he really wanted to do was

___ a) work with Newton

___ b) become a minister

___ c) visit Rome

___ d) visit Athens

___ e) work with Tycho

31. Which of the following is NOT associated with Kepler's Laws

___ a) planets farther from the Sun have longer orbital periods.

___ b) planets speed up as they approach the sun

___ c) elliptical paths for the planets

___ d) circular motions with epicycles

___ e) Earth orbits the sun

32. As a planet orbits the Sun, the Sun is situated at one focal point of the ellipse

___ a) true

___ b) false

33. As a planet orbits the Sun, the Sun is situated midway between the two focal points of the ellipse

___ a) true

___ b) false

34. Newton was able to use the motion of the Moon to calculate the universal constant of gravity, G

___ a) true

___ b) false

35. The force of (gravitational) attraction between you and a friend is small because neither of you possess significant mass

___ a) true

___ b) false

36. Cavendish finally measured G by carefully weighing the force between

___ a) Sun and Moon

___ b) two lead balls

___ c) Jupiter and moons

___ d) Earth and Sun

___ e) Earth and Moon

37.

horizontal crack

The horizontal crack along the center of figure is a

___ a) meander

___ b) rille

___ c) scarp

___ d) antipodal

___ e) propodal

38. Antipodal to Caloris Basin is

___ a) a scarp

___ b) a silicon deposits

___ c) a water deposits

___ d) an iron/nickel deposit

___ e) weird terrain

39. A volatile is a substance that

___ a) reacts violently with acids

___ b) reacts violently with water

___ c) melts or evaporates at low temperature

___ d) melts or evaporates at high temperature

___ e) reacts violently with oxygen

40. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, also called the terrestrial planets, are primarily composed of ___ and ___.

___ a) carbon and oxygen

___ b) ice and gas

___ c) ice and rock

___ d) ice and water

___ e) metal and rock

41. If the universe is mostly hydrogen, why aren't terrestrial planets made of mostly hydrogen?

___ a) These planets lie inside the frost line for hydrogen

___ b) tidal forces from the Sun prevented accretion

___ c) tidal forces between the terrestrial planets prevented accretion

___ d) tidal forces from Jupiter prevented accretion

___ e) thermonuclear fusion in the protosun turned the hydrogen into helium

42. Mercury's atmosphere consists mostly of

___ a) oxygen

___ b) carbon dioxide

___ c) helium

___ d) hydrogen

___ e) nitrogen

43. In what sequence did Mercury's weird terrain and Caloris basin form?

___ a) The were formed at exactly the same time

___ b) The weird terrain was formed approximately 2 billions years before the Caloris basin

___ c) The weird terrain was formed almost immediately after the Caloris basin

___ d) The weird terrain was formed approximately 2 billions years after the Caloris basin

___ e) The weird terrain was formed a few millions years after the Caloris basin

44. Very far from the sun, the heliosphere

___ a) reverses direction

___ b) never ends

___ c) becomes the magnetosphere

___ d) becomes weaker than the interstellar wind

___ e) spins in the opposite direction

45. A volatile is a substance that

___ a) reacts violently with oxygen

___ b) melts or evaporates at low temperature

___ c) reacts violently with water

___ d) reacts violently with acids

___ e) melts or evaporates at high temperature

46. All planets lie within a nearly flat disc called the __________ plane

___ a) interstellar

___ b) retrograde

___ c) fissile

___ d) ecliptic

___ e) angular

47. The AU is

___ a) the most distant Kuiper object from the Sun

___ b) the distance from the Sun to Earth

___ c) a measure of the brightness of a planet

___ d) the distance from Earth to the Moon

___ e) the size of Oort's cloud

48. The Sun and Earth are about

___ a) 50 billion years old

___ b) 500 million years old

___ c) 5 million years old

___ d) 5 billion years old

___ e) 50 million years old

49. The universe is about

___ a) 15 million years old

___ b) 15 billion years old

___ c) 150 million years old

___ d) 1.5 billion years old

___ e) 150 billion years old

50. Roughly how much bigger is a gas planet than a terrestrial planet?

___ a) 100

___ b) 10

___ c) 3

___ d) 30

___ e) 300

51. Roughly how much bigger is a the Sun than a gas planet?

___ a) 10

___ b) 3

___ c) 100

___ d) 300

___ e) 30

52. According to Wikipedia, if all the mass of the asteroid belt were combined to one object, it's mass would _______ times less than Earth's mass.

___ a) 10,000

___ b) 1

___ c) 10

___ d) 100

___ e) 1,000

53.

planetary disk

In this hypothetical image of a sun-like star we see a bright band of dust that we on Earth call zodiacal light. It is due to sunlight reflecting off dust in the

___ a) Oort Cloude

___ b) magnetic sun's magnetic field

___ c) ecliptic plane

___ d) Kuiper belt

___ e) Van Allen belt

54. In planetary science, the frost line refers to a distance away from

___ a) the south pole of a planet

___ b) either pole of a planet

___ c) ecliptic plane

___ d) the north pole of a planet

___ e) the star in the middle

55. Oort's cloud was hypothesized to explain the source of

___ a) comets

___ b) water inside the frost line

___ c) asteroids

___ d) planets

___ e) water outside the frost line

56. According to Wikipedia _______ and ______ are referred to as volatiles.

___ a) ices and gasses

___ b) acids and bases

___ c) planets and moons

___ d) asteroids and terrestrial planets

___ e) electrons and protons

57. Which of the following list is properly ranked, starting with objects closest to the Sun?

___ a) Asteroid belt, Oort's cloud, Kuiper belt

___ b) Kuiper belt, Asteroid belt, Oort's cloud

___ c) Oort's cloud, Asteroid belt, Kuiper belt

___ d) Asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, Oort's cloud

___ e) Kuiper belt, Oort's cloud, Asteroid belt

58. When the sun turns into a red giant,

___ a) surface temperature decreases; energy output decreases

___ b) surface temperature increases; energy output increases

___ c) surface temperature increases; energy output decreases

___ d) surface temperature decreases; energy output increases

___ e) The sun will not turn into a red giant

59. In astrophysics, what is accretion?

___ a) the increase in temperature and pressure of a star as it collapses from its own gravity

___ b) the condensation of volatiles as a gas cools

___ c) the growth of a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter

___ d) the growth in size of a massive star as its outer atmosphere expands

___ e) the growth of a comet's tail as it comes close to the Sun

60. Dwarf planets are defined as objects orbiting the Sun and smaller than planets, that?

___ a) lie in the asteroid belt

___ b) possess an atmosphere

___ c) lack an atmosphere

___ d) are too far from the Sun to be planets

___ e) have been rounded by their own gravity

61. Dwarf planets have no natural satellites,

___ a) true

___ b) false

62. Pluto is classified as

___ a) a dwarf planet and a trans-Neptunian object.

___ b) an asteroid belt object

___ c) a natural satellite of Uranus

___ d) a natural satellite of Neptune

___ e) a dwarf planet with no natural satellites

63. How many of the outer planets have rings?

___ a) 4

___ b) 1

___ c) 2

___ d) 3

64. Currently there are 7 billion people on Earth, if that ever increases to 10 billion people, for every person on Earth there will be ____ stars in the Milky Way galaxy.

___ a) 2000

___ b) 200

___ c) 20

___ d) 2

65. The revolution of Haley's comet around the Sun is nearly circular.

___ a) true

___ b) false

66. The revolution of Haley's comet around the Sun is opposite that of the 8 planets.

___ a) true

___ b) false

67. The frost line is situated approximately

___ a) 10 times as far from the Sun as the Earth is from the Sun

___ b) 5 times as far from the Earth as the Earth's surface is from its center

___ c) 5 times as far from the Sun as the Earth is from the Sun

___ d) 10 times as far from the Earth as the Earth's surface is from its center

Key to Astronomy midterm Test 2 Study Guide-v1s1

1. At noon a waning gibbous moon would be}

- a) nadir

- b) high in western sky

- c) overhead

- d) western horizon

+ e) below the western horizon

2. At 9am a waxing crescent moon would be}

+ a) eastern horizon

- b) high in eastern sky

- c) below the western horizon

- d) overhead

- e) nadir

3. At 6pm a waxing crescent moon would be}

- a) eastern horizon

- b) overhead

- c) western horizon

+ d) high in western sky

- e) nadir

4. At 9pm a full moon would be}

- a) below the western horizon

- b) eastern horizon

- c) overhead

+ d) high in eastern sky

- e) nadir

5. At midnight a waning gibbous moon would be}

- a) below the western horizon

- b) high in western sky

- c) eastern horizon

- d) western horizon

+ e) high in eastern sky

6. At 9pm a third quarter moon would be}

- a) high in eastern sky

- b) below the western horizon

- c) high in western sky

+ d) below the eastern horizon

- e) nadir

7. At 9am a new moon would be}

- a) below the western horizon

- b) high in western sky

- c) eastern horizon

+ d) high in eastern sky

- e) overhead

8. At 6pm a waning crescent moon would be}

- a) below the eastern horizon

- b) western horizon

- c) eastern horizon

- d) nadir

+ e) below the western horizon

9. At 3pm a full moon would be}

- a) high in eastern sky

- b) below the western horizon

- c) western horizon

- d) nadir

+ e) below the eastern horizon

10. At 6pm a waxing gibbous moon would be}

- a) eastern horizon

+ b) high in eastern sky

- c) below the western horizon

- d) nadir

- e) western horizon

11. ____ motion is in the usual direction, and _______ is motion that has temporarily reversed itself.

- a) elliptical; retrograde

+ b) direct; retrograde

- c) indirect; direct

- d) direct; elliptical

- e) retrograde; direct

12. Under what conditions would a planet not seem to rise in the east and set in the west?

- a) if the observer is below the equator

+ b) if the observer is near the north or south poles

- c) if the planet is in retrograde motion

- d) if the planet is in elliptical motion

- e) if the planet is in direct motion

13. When the faster moving Earth overtakes a slower planet outside Earth's orbit

- a) all of these are true

- b) tidal forces can be observed on the planet

+ c) retrograde motion occurs

- d) tidal forces can be observed on Earth

- e) two of these are true

14. Which planet spends more days in a given retrograde?

- a) Mars

+ b) Saturn

- c) Earth

- d) They are all equal

- e) It depends on the season

15. Which planet has more days between two consecutive retrogrades?

+ a) Mars

- b) It depends on the season

- c) Earth

- d) Saturn

- e) They are all equal

16. A planet that is very, very far from the Sun would be in retrograde for approximately ___ months.

- a) 24

+ b) 6

- c) 12

- d) 1

- e) 3

17. If a planet that is very, very far from the Sun begins a retrograde, how many months must pass before it begins the next retrograde?

- a) 3

- b) 6

- c) 1

- d) 24

+ e) 12

18. Planet comes from the Greek word for 'wanderer'.

+ a) true

- b) false

19. We know that Galileo saw Neptune, but is not credited with its discovery because

- a) he never published his drawing

- b) he thought it was a moon of Saturn

- c) none of these are true

+ d) it was in a transition between retrograde and direct motion

- e) it was too faint to be worth drawing

20. Kepler began his career as a teacher of

- a) philosophy

- b) history

- c) astronomy

+ d) mathematics

- e) theology

21. Kepler is also known for his improvements to

- a) Ptolemy's star charts

+ b) the telescope

- c) a perpetual motion machine

- d) translations of the Bible

- e) the abacus

22. In Kepler's era, astronomy was usually considered a part of natural philosophy

- a) true

+ b) false

23. In Kepler's era, astronomy was usually considered a part of mathematics

+ a) true

- b) false

24. In Kepler's era, astronomy closely linked to astrology

+ a) true

- b) false

25. In Kepler's era, physics (how and why things moved) was usually considered a part of natural philosophy

+ a) true

- b) false

26. Kepler incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work

+ a) true

- b) false

27. Kepler avoided religious arguments and reasoning in his work

- a) true

+ b) false

28. How would one describe the status of Kepler's family when he was a child?

- a) neither wealthy nor of noble birth

- b) his father and grandfather were scientists

- c) wealth and of noble birth

+ d) of noble birth, but in poverty

- e) wealthy but not of noble birth

29. As a child, Kepler's interest in astronomy grew as a result of

- a) a lunar eclipse

- b) a comet

- c) a solar eclipse

+ d) two of these

- e) watching his uncle make a telescope

30. When Kepler's studies at the university were over, what he really wanted to do was

- a) work with Newton

+ b) become a minister

- c) visit Rome

- d) visit Athens

- e) work with Tycho

31. Which of the following is NOT associated with Kepler's Laws

- a) planets farther from the Sun have longer orbital periods.

- b) planets speed up as they approach the sun

- c) elliptical paths for the planets

+ d) circular motions with epicycles

- e) Earth orbits the sun

32. As a planet orbits the Sun, the Sun is situated at one focal point of the ellipse

+ a) true

- b) false

33. As a planet orbits the Sun, the Sun is situated midway between the two focal points of the ellipse

- a) true

+ b) false

34. Newton was able to use the motion of the Moon to calculate the universal constant of gravity, G

- a) true

+ b) false

35. The force of (gravitational) attraction between you and a friend is small because neither of you possess significant mass

+ a) true

- b) false

36. Cavendish finally measured G by carefully weighing the force between

- a) Sun and Moon

+ b) two lead balls

- c) Jupiter and moons

- d) Earth and Sun

- e) Earth and Moon

37.

horizontal crack

The horizontal crack along the center of figure is a

- a) meander

- b) rille

+ c) scarp

- d) antipodal

- e) propodal

38. Antipodal to Caloris Basin is

- a) a scarp

- b) a silicon deposits

- c) a water deposits

- d) an iron/nickel deposit

+ e) weird terrain

39. A volatile is a substance that

- a) reacts violently with acids

- b) reacts violently with water

+ c) melts or evaporates at low temperature

- d) melts or evaporates at high temperature

- e) reacts violently with oxygen

40. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, also called the terrestrial planets, are primarily composed of ___ and ___.

- a) carbon and oxygen

- b) ice and gas

- c) ice and rock

- d) ice and water

+ e) metal and rock

41. If the universe is mostly hydrogen, why aren't terrestrial planets made of mostly hydrogen?

- a) These planets lie inside the frost line for hydrogen

- b) tidal forces from the Sun prevented accretion

- c) tidal forces between the terrestrial planets prevented accretion

- d) tidal forces from Jupiter prevented accretion

+ e) thermonuclear fusion in the protosun turned the hydrogen into helium

42. Mercury's atmosphere consists mostly of

- a) oxygen

- b) carbon dioxide

- c) helium

+ d) hydrogen

- e) nitrogen

43. In what sequence did Mercury's weird terrain and Caloris basin form?

- a) The were formed at exactly the same time

- b) The weird terrain was formed approximately 2 billions years before the Caloris basin

+ c) The weird terrain was formed almost immediately after the Caloris basin

- d) The weird terrain was formed approximately 2 billions years after the Caloris basin

- e) The weird terrain was formed a few millions years after the Caloris basin

44. Very far from the sun, the heliosphere

- a) reverses direction

- b) never ends

- c) becomes the magnetosphere

+ d) becomes weaker than the interstellar wind

- e) spins in the opposite direction

45. A volatile is a substance that

- a) reacts violently with oxygen

+ b) melts or evaporates at low temperature

- c) reacts violently with water

- d) reacts violently with acids

- e) melts or evaporates at high temperature

46. All planets lie within a nearly flat disc called the __________ plane

- a) interstellar

- b) retrograde

- c) fissile

+ d) ecliptic

- e) angular

47. The AU is

- a) the most distant Kuiper object from the Sun

+ b) the distance from the Sun to Earth

- c) a measure of the brightness of a planet

- d) the distance from Earth to the Moon

- e) the size of Oort's cloud

48. The Sun and Earth are about

- a) 50 billion years old

- b) 500 million years old

- c) 5 million years old

+ d) 5 billion years old

- e) 50 million years old

49. The universe is about

- a) 15 million years old

+ b) 15 billion years old

- c) 150 million years old

- d) 1.5 billion years old

- e) 150 billion years old

50. Roughly how much bigger is a gas planet than a terrestrial planet?

- a) 100

+ b) 10

- c) 3

- d) 30

- e) 300

51. Roughly how much bigger is a the Sun than a gas planet?

+ a) 10

- b) 3

- c) 100

- d) 300

- e) 30

52. According to Wikipedia, if all the mass of the asteroid belt were combined to one object, it's mass would _______ times less than Earth's mass.

- a) 10,000

- b) 1

- c) 10

- d) 100

+ e) 1,000

53.

planetary disk

In this hypothetical image of a sun-like star we see a bright band of dust that we on Earth call zodiacal light. It is due to sunlight reflecting off dust in the

- a) Oort Cloude

- b) magnetic sun's magnetic field

+ c) ecliptic plane

- d) Kuiper belt

- e) Van Allen belt

54. In planetary science, the frost line refers to a distance away from

- a) the south pole of a planet

- b) either pole of a planet

- c) ecliptic plane

- d) the north pole of a planet

+ e) the star in the middle

55. Oort's cloud was hypothesized to explain the source of

+ a) comets

- b) water inside the frost line

- c) asteroids

- d) planets

- e) water outside the frost line

56. According to Wikipedia _______ and ______ are referred to as volatiles.

+ a) ices and gasses

- b) acids and bases

- c) planets and moons

- d) asteroids and terrestrial planets

- e) electrons and protons

57. Which of the following list is properly ranked, starting with objects closest to the Sun?

- a) Asteroid belt, Oort's cloud, Kuiper belt

- b) Kuiper belt, Asteroid belt, Oort's cloud

- c) Oort's cloud, Asteroid belt, Kuiper belt

+ d) Asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, Oort's cloud

- e) Kuiper belt, Oort's cloud, Asteroid belt

58. When the sun turns into a red giant,

- a) surface temperature decreases; energy output decreases

- b) surface temperature increases; energy output increases

- c) surface temperature increases; energy output decreases

+ d) surface temperature decreases; energy output increases

- e) The sun will not turn into a red giant

59. In astrophysics, what is accretion?

- a) the increase in temperature and pressure of a star as it collapses from its own gravity

- b) the condensation of volatiles as a gas cools

+ c) the growth of a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter

- d) the growth in size of a massive star as its outer atmosphere expands

- e) the growth of a comet's tail as it comes close to the Sun

60. Dwarf planets are defined as objects orbiting the Sun and smaller than planets, that?

- a) lie in the asteroid belt

- b) possess an atmosphere

- c) lack an atmosphere

- d) are too far from the Sun to be planets

+ e) have been rounded by their own gravity

61. Dwarf planets have no natural satellites,

- a) true

+ b) false

62. Pluto is classified as

+ a) a dwarf planet and a trans-Neptunian object.

- b) an asteroid belt object

- c) a natural satellite of Uranus

- d) a natural satellite of Neptune

- e) a dwarf planet with no natural satellites

63. How many of the outer planets have rings?

+ a) 4

- b) 1

- c) 2

- d) 3

64. Currently there are 7 billion people on Earth, if that ever increases to 10 billion people, for every person on Earth there will be ____ stars in the Milky Way galaxy.

- a) 2000

- b) 200

+ c) 20

- d) 2

65. The revolution of Haley's comet around the Sun is nearly circular.

- a) true

+ b) false

66. The revolution of Haley's comet around the Sun is opposite that of the 8 planets.

+ a) true

- b) false

67. The frost line is situated approximately

- a) 10 times as far from the Sun as the Earth is from the Sun