Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Revenge motivation
What motivates revenge and how does it affect us?
Overview
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Case study
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Revenge is motivated retaliation when a person is harmed (Schumann & Ross, 2010)
. It is retribution after the threat has long passed and that enables an act of vengeance. It is a tactful reaction to harm, so we can separate it from unsolicited aggression or self-defence. It is a complicated human behaviour that is still being understood in psychology today. Revenge is widespread in society and often comes with consequences (Jackson et al., 2019). Acts of violence can lead to jail. Revenge at work can lead to losing a job. Although the consequences are seemingly obvious, people still seek out revenge. This chapter focuses on what motivates revenge and how it affects us.
Focus questions:
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What motivates revenge?
editThe motivation for revenge derives from the satisfaction of bringing suffering to the other person who has done harm. Revenge is justified in a person’s mind when it is thought to be deserved. They think the maliciousness of the act is removed when they are motivated by moral indignation (Uniacke, 2000). Acts of revenge that cause significant harm are not perceived as wrong due to impaired judgement and self-control (Uniacke, 2000). There are motivational theories that explain revenge motivation.
Motivational theories
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Attribution theory
editAttribution theory can explain the question of why something happens, and it is either internally or externally attributed. In the situation of revenge, the harm that is done to the agent is the bad outcome (see Figure 1) (Reeve, 2017). The attributional search of the agent is to ask themselves why this happened to them which leads them to the decision of revenge. The optimistic style that follows revolves around redirecting the blame to others and being self-protecting. With internal attribution would be to blame oneself
, however revenge faults the other person and falls under external attribution. External attribution of revenge are the harmful behaviours that attack the person who is to blame for the harm that was done (Reeve, 2017) .
Case study
Sam would question why this had happen to him when thinking back to the night of the party. He would externally attribute the blame on Jessica and plan his revenge. |
Psychoanalytic and dual-instinct theory
editFreud believed humans have hostile nature with violent feelings that could build up over time that would lead to an act such as revenge
. After the act of revenge is completed, the equilibrium would be restored (Grobbink et al., 2014). Under psychoanalytic theory, Freud’s dual instinct theory would describe revenge as a part of death instincts also known as thanatos (Reeve, 2017). When aggression was focused on others, it could manifest itself into acts of revenge. The drive for instinct in humans including the aggression gave energy to motivate behaviour. It is also noted that it is not impulsive, as revenge satisfies an established aim. Personality and defence mechanisms would also predict the ego leading the person into aggressive energy for revenge (Reeve, 2017).Factors for revenge
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Appraisal and perception
editAppraisal from people about the harm done is a predictor for revenge (Jackson et al., 2019). Revenge is known to be a reaction to something that is harmful and against the norm (Carlsmith et al., 2002). When something is perceived as severely damaging and offensive to the moral code, it can result in revenge. Perception in appraisals is also important in determining the action for revenge (Jackson et al., 2019). If harm is perceived as an intention, it will be judged as more morally wrong than unintentional behaviour (Ames & Fiske, 2013).
Anger and personality
editAnger is another predictor for revenge. The sense of doing the right thing that is linked to combating injustices with built up anger is resulted in revenge (Jackson et al., 2019)
. Personalities that are more likely to be angry such as high levels of neuroticism and narcissism, are more likely to take revenge . Narcissists tend to act with revenge after social rejection because they feel angry when not met with respect, they were expecting (Twenge & Campbell, 2003).How does revenge affect us?
editResearch in neuroscience shows that
dorsal striatum is activated when around acts or thoughts about revenge (Jackson et al., 2019). The strongest effect is shown in people who self-report that they enjoy hurting others and agents who punish people for their wrongdoing (Chester, 2017). The pleasure of revenge is short-lived and followed by negative affect . Revenge is proven to be bittersweet, as it brings both negative and positive feelings (Jackson et al., 2019).
Case study
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Quiz
editTest your knowledge on revenge motivation:
Conclusion
editRevenge is motivated retaliation acted out in anger and a means to bring harm to a person. Attribution theory attempts to explain the motivation behind revenge through external attribution and psychoanalytic theory focuses on natural instincts of revenge. There are different factors that influence revenge such as appraisal, perception, anger, and personality. Revenge is not the victory that we want to achieve in the end, due to the consequences and negative feelings that follow it.
See also
edit- Attribution (psychology) (Wikipedia)
- Revenge motivation (Book chapter, 2015)
References
editCarlsmith, K., Darley, J., & Robinson, P. (2002). Why do we punish? Deterrence and just deserts as motives for punishment. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 83(2), 284-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.284
Chester, D. (2017). The role of positive affect in aggression. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 26(4), 366-370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417700457
Grobbink, L., Derksen, J., & van Marle, H. (2014). Revenge. International Journal Of Offender Therapy And Comparative Criminology, 59(8), 892-907. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x13519963
Jackson, J., Choi, V., & Gelfand, M. (2019). Revenge: A multilevel review and synthesis. Annual Review Of Psychology, 70(1), 319-345. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103305
Reeve, J. (2017). Understanding Motivation and Emotion (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Schumann, K., & Ross, M. (2010). The benefits, costs, and paradox of revenge. Social And Personality Psychology Compass, 4(12), 1193-1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00322.x
Twenge, J., & Campbell, W. (2003). “Isn’t it fun to get the respect that we’re going to deserve?” Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239051
Uniacke, S. (2000). Why is revenge wrong?. The Journal Of Value Inquiry, 34(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004778229751
External links
edit- Is Revenge Justified? (TedX Talk)
- The Psychology of Revenge (Science of People)