Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Humility

Humility:
What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable?

Overview edit

By definition, humility describes one's spiritual attitude of modesty that comes from understanding one's place in a larger order of matters. This chapter intends to discuss the true meaning of humility from its definition, its causes and its desirability. The importance of this chapter is to alter the wrong definition of humility in people's minds (for example, equating humility with lowliness, low self-esteem or vulnerable).

Focus questions:

What is humility?
What causes humility?
Is humility desirable?

Example: Jacob is a high school student who enjoys helping his peers and teachers at school whenever they need his help. Though most people that had interacted with him in the past were grateful about his on-time assistance, Jacob soon discovered a group of kids who liked to order him around even when they could have done the task themselves and started to refuse their unreasonable requests. After a while, these kids started to call Jacob names. Though Jacob didn't understand why these kids were hostile toward him, he accepted the fact that these kids didn't like him and continued with his usual routine of helping others out.

Figure 1. Personated picture of humility and arrogance.

What is humility? edit

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Humility in religious views edit

Since the beginning of mankind's history, religions have acted as the guidance to the appropriate behaviors within the population across the world. Though specific accepted behaviors may differ in different religions, one common goal of the more popular religions is to help their believers to achieve a better self. These religions praised a number of virtues as goals to achieve this better self; and one of these virtues is humility(Peterson & Seligman, 2004). These religions often asked the believers to think in terms of the teachings from the docrines instead of in terms of their own thoughts to keep them humble-minded; and they often suggest their believers to be in others' service. For example, in the Christian Bible, Jesus warned his followers against hypocrisy in Matthew 23:12: "For those who exalt themselves will be humbled, and those who humble themselves will be exalted." (Biblehub.com, 2019), while according to Buddhism, Shantideva, a Buddhist master, wrote to his followers: "Ordering others around for my own self-aims, I'll experience being a servant and worse; but ordering myself around for the aims of others, I'll experience being a lord and better." (Studybuddhism.com). These examples suggest an universal view by religions on humility: to lower oneself below others, both mentally and physically.

Humility in the modern days edit

Humility is no longer considered a virtue, but rather, it is seen as a personality trait. According to the APA dictionary of psychology, Humility is defined as "the quality of being humble, characterized by a low focus on the self, an accurate sense of one's accomplishments and worth, and an acknowledgment of one's limitations, imperfections, mistakes, gaps in knowledge, and so on". This is consistent with the teachings on humility from religious doctrines; however, there are some differences presented: a more modern outlook on humility sees it as the opposite of arrogance and narcissism, and as a quality that is highly valued in leaders and employers (Nielsen & Marrone, 2018).

Peterson and Seligman (2004) suggested humility as a strength of the temperament. They concluded 6 characteristics of humility from Tangney's previous works:

An accurate sense of one's abilities and accomplishments;
Being able to acknowledge one's mistakes;
An openness to new ideas, even if they were contrary to the ideas of self;
An ability to keep one's abilities and accomplishments in perspective;
To be able to "forget oneself";
An appreciation for the value of things, including the different ways people can contribute to the world.

What causes humility? edit

Figure 2. Family environment plays a major part in fostering humility in children.

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Fostering humility in children edit

Peterson and Seligman (2004) suggested the possible usefulness of secure attachment promoting strategies in fostering humility in children, as the sense of security may come from secure attachment and act as a buffer against the effects of negative feedback. However, they also noted that this sense of security may not foster humility on its own, as highly secured individuals may become arrogant without the presence of realistic feedback. They therefore suggested a few crucial elements in fostering humility in children: to convey the importance of both positive feedback and negative feedback in a caring and respectful atmosphere, to allow the child have awe-inspiring experiences, to educate the child about the limits of human knowledge, and to let the child encounter failures and disappointments.

Peterson and Seligman (2004) also suggested a "not to do" list in fostering humility in children, listed as below:

To put extreme emphasis on the child's external sense of self-evaluation (for example, performance, appearance or popularity), or to have perfectionist performance standards;
Making inaccurate, excessive praise or criticism;
To make frequent comparison of the child against siblings or peers, especially if this comparison is accompanied by competitive messages; and
Communicating to the child that he or she is superior or inferior to other people

Behind the childhood of a narcissistic killer"Murder of Jun Lin".

Luka Magnotta, probably became more widely known after the release of the Netflix series "Don't f**k with cats", is a Canadian narcissistic killer who recorded and uploaded his murder and dismemberment of a Chinese international student on May 24, 2012, and later mailed his victim's body parts to different authorities across Canada for the hope to become famous.

Just like any psychotic killer that's ever existed, Magnotta's childhood was not a desirable one. His parents had him when they were teenagers; he was kept out of school until grade 6; he experienced a number of mental issues in his youth; the list goes on. But what probably troubled Luka the most, was his mother's extreme obsession with cleanliness. He once described his mother as "a woman obsessed with cleanliness, often wearing a surgical mask, rubber gloves and repeatedly washing her children's hands(Montgomery, 2014)". This obsession was consistent with at least 2 factors from Peterson and Seligman (2004)'s list of factors that may work against fostering humility in children: extreme emphasis on appearance, and inaccurate, excessive criticism, sat the stage for the tragedy that followed later in Magnotta's life.

Fostering humility in adolescents edit

Adolescence is the most salient period for fostering humility, as throughout this period, individuals tend to develop their identity. Generally speaking, democratic parenting style(Peterson & Seligman, 2004) combined with connected family relations(Cooper et al., 1992; Cooper & Grotevant, 1989) and the presence of enabling behaviors like empathy giving and acceptance(Hauser et al., 1984) facilitates identity development in adolescents, while autocratic and permissive parenting styles(Peterson & Seligman, 2004) and the presence of constraining behaviors like devaluing and judging(Hauser et al., 1984) do not. It is notable that these factors are not direct in fostering humility development, as the direct influences still remain uncertain up to date(Peterson & Seligman, 2004).

Case study: Eric is the youngest among the 5 children in his family. He has always received praise from his parents and older siblings, and his requests are rarely turned down. Because his father is a highly ranked official within the government, he often receives praises from his father's coworkers and employees. His father also uses his authority against the troubles Eric gets into, whether it to be stealing a few dollars from his classmates or getting into a fight with other children. After receiving this treatment for 22 years, Eric finally made a mistake that his father could not cover up: he spiked a girl's drink with a lethal dose of anesthetic and killing the girl by accident. The girl's parents did not agree to the monetary settlements proposed by his parents; they insisted to let Eric get the punishment that he deserved. The video of Eric spiking the girl's drink went viral on the internet later on. Eventually, Eric was sentenced to 4 years in prison and was registered as a sexual offender on the national list. He will be carrying the consequences of his impulsiveness for the rest of his life.

Is humility desirable? edit

Generally speaking, humility is a desirable trait, as it is related to better work performance, and well-being, especially in a workplace setting (Chiu et al., 2016; Zhong et al., 2020).

Figure 3. Leader humility facilitates work performance among employees, including creativity.

Humility in the workplace edit

In the workplace, humility is associated with better work performances[factual?]. When the trait is present in the leader, humility increases employee performance through work engagement (Chiu et al., 2016; Li et al., 2021). Li and colleagues (2019) credited the effectiveness of leader humility to the increased willingness of employees to improve their performance and to provide useful feedback under challenges under humble leadership. When the trait is present in the employee, research has shown that humility benefits the relationships between same level coworkers(Lehmann et al., 2022). More specifically, it helps employees to build better relationships with their leaders, and may occupy a more visible position in the employee network (Li et al., 2021).

However, workplace humility is not all beneficial, as downsides to leader humility are present. Qin and colleagues (2020) suggested the possible appearance of undesirable effects, such as increased psychological entitlement and workplace deviance, when leaders practice leader humility, as employees may take the leader's humble treatment to their own uniqueness and contributions. To counter-strike this possibility of self-serving attribution, they suggested that humble leaders should "pay attention to to the employees' attribution tendencies and be more careful when expressing humility to subordinates who may make a high self-serving attribution".

Humility and psychological well-being edit

Humility is associated with multiple well-being benefits (Verhaeghen & Aikman, 2022), including greater self-acceptance and stronger connections with others(Stellar et al., 2017). This is possibly because humility prevents or inhibits the presence of selfish intentions in those who possess the trait, making it possible for humble individuals to focus more on the bigger picture and therefore avoiding negative emotions toward the self.

Conclusion edit

This chapter discussed the key definition of humility in two perspectives (the religious view and the modern view). It then highlighted some key findings on some factors that foster humility, particularly in children and in adolescents. At last, it discussed the desirability of humility from its effects on the workplace and on psychological well-being, leading to overall positive outcomes.

References edit

American Psychological Association (n.d.). Humility. In APA Dictionary of Psychology.

Study Buddhism. (2005). Being Humble. https://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/mind-training/commentaries-on-lojong-texts/commentary-on-eight-verses-of-mind-training-dr-berzin/being-humble

Chiu, C.-Y. (Chad), Owens, B. P., & Tesluk, P. E. (2016). Initiating and utilizing shared leadership in teams: The role of leader humility, team proactive personality, and team performance capability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(12), 1705–1720. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000159

Lehmann, M., Pery, S., Kluger, A. N., Hekman, D. R., Owens, B. P., & Malloy, T. E. (2022). Relationship-specific (dyadic) humility: How your humility predicts my psychological safety and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(5), 809–825 https://doi-org.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/10.1037/apl0001059

Li, R., Zhang, H., Zhu, X., & Li, N. (2021). Does employee humility foster performance and promotability? Exploring the mechanisms of LMX and peer network centrality in China. Human Resource Management, 60(3), 399–413. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22025

Li, X., Li, M., Fu, J., & Ullah, A. (2019). Leader humility and employee voice: The role of employees’ regulatory focus and voice-role conception. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 47(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7811

Li, X., Xue, J., & Liu, J. (2021). Linking leader humility to employee creative performance: Work engagement as a mediator. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 49(6), 1–7. https://doi-org.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/10.2224/sbp.10358

Bible hub. (n.d.). Matthew 23:12. https://biblehub.com/matthew/23-12.htm

Montgomery, S. (2014, November 14). Psychiatrist’s report chronicles the making of Luka Magnotta. Montreal Gazette. https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/psychiatrists-report-chronicles-the-making-of-luka-magnotta

Nielsen, R., & Marrone, J. A.. (2018). Humility: Our Current Understanding of the Construct and its Role in Organizations. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(4), 805–824. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12160

Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. (2004). Character Strengths and Values: A Handbook and Classification. Oxford university press

Qin, X., Chen, C., Yam, K. C., Huang, M., & Ju, D. (2020). The double-edged sword of leader humility: Investigating when and why leader humility promotes versus inhibits subordinate deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology,105(7), 693–712. https://doi-org.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/10.1037/apl0000456

Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A., Anderson, C. L., Piff, P. K., McNeil, G. D., & Keltner, D. (2018). Awe and humility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(2), 258–269. https://doi-org.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/10.1037/pspi0000109

Verhaeghen, P., & Aikman, S. N. (2022). The I in mindfulness: How mindfulness relates to aspects of self and psychological well-being. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000337

Xu Hui Li, Mingze Li, Jingtao Fu, & Ullah, A. (2019). Leader humility and employee voice: The role of employees’ regulatory focus and voice-role conception. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 47(6), 1–12. https://doi-org.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/10.2224/sbp.7811

Zhong, J., Zhang, L., Li, P., Zhang, D.Z. (2020). Can leader humility enhance employee wellbeing? The mediating role of employee humility. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(1), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-03-2019-0124