Literature/1976/Weizenbaum

Authors
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment To Calculation. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

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In general indeed, the information system S upon enquiry E, unlike the autonomous robot or AI, must predict one or more probable "decisions" D yet to be discriminated, which the user U in turn must evaluate for the final "choice" to be made.

w: Computer Power and Human Reason

• ... displays his ambivalence towards computer technology and lays out his case: while artificial intelligence may be possible, we should never allow computers to make important decisions because computers will always lack human qualities such as compassion and wisdom. Weizenbaum makes the crucial distinction between deciding and choosing. Deciding is a computational activity, something that can ultimately be programmed. It is the capacity to choose that ultimately makes us human. Choice, however, is the product of judgment, not calculation. Comprehensive human judgment is able to include non-mathematical factors such as emotions. Judgment can compare apples and oranges, and can do so without quantifying each fruit type and then reductively quantifying each to factors necessary for mathematical comparison.

w: History of artificial intelligence #Critiques from across campus

• ... argued that the misuse of artificial intelligence has the potential to devalue human life.

w: Ethics of artificial intelligence #The threat to human dignity

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w: Critique of technology

Chronology

• Literature/1986/Dreyfus ^{[^]}
• Literature/1983/Dreyfus ^{[^]}
• Literature/1980/Searle ^{[^]}
• Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment To Calculation. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1972/Dreyfus ^{[^]}
• McCarthy, John; Marvin Minsky; Nathan Rochester & Claude Shannon (1955). A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. ^{[^]}

Notes

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The shade of the bar looks invariant in isolation but variant in context, in (favor of) sharp contrast with the color gradient background, hence an innate illusion we have to reasonably interpret and overcome as well as the mirage. Such variance appearing seasonably from context to context may not only be the case with our vision but worldview in general in practice indeed, whether a priori or a posteriori. Perhaps no worldview from nowhere, without any point of view or prejudice at all! Ogden & Richards (1923) said, "All experience ... is either enjoyed or interpreted ... or both, and very little of it escapes some degree of interpretation." H. G. Wells (1938) said, "The human individual is born now to live in a society for which his fundamental instincts are altogether inadequate."