Holomorphic function
Holomorphic Function
editHolomorphic (of gr. ὅλος holos, 'whole' and μορφή morphe, 'form') is a property of certain complex valued functions which are analyzed in the Complex Analysis as a function with a open set is called holomorphic if is differentiable at each point of .
Real and complex differentiation
editEven if the definition is analogous to real differentiation, the function theory shows that the holomorphy is a very strong property. It produces a variety of phenomena that do not have a counterpart in the real. For example, each holomorphic function can be differentiated as often as desired (continuous) and can be developed locally at each point into a power series.
Definition: Complex differentiation
editIt is an open subset of the complex plane and a point of this subset. A function is called complex differentiable in point , if the limit
with . If the limit exists, then the limit is denoted with .
Definition: Holomorphic in one point
editLet be an open set and a function. is called holomorphic in point , if a neighbourhood of exists, in which is complex differentiable.
Definition: Full function
editIf is complexly differentiable to the whole , then is called a entire function.
Explanatory notes
editLink between complex and real differentiation
editcan be interpreted as a two-dimensional real vector space with the canonical base and so one can examine a function on an open set . In multivariable calculus it is known that total differentiable in if there exists a -linear mapping , so that
where is a function with the property
It can now be seen that the function is complex differentiable in , if is total differentiable in and is even -linear. The latter is a sufficient condition. It means that the transformation matrix with respect to the canonical base has the form
with .
Jacobi Matrix
edit- Main article: Cauchy-Riemann equations
If a function is decompose into functions of its real and imaginary parts with real-valued functions , the total derivative with tranformation matrix has the Jacobian matrix
Cauchy-Riemannian differential equations
editConsequently, the function is total differentiable precisely when it can be differentiated relatively and for the Cauchy-Riemann equations
are fulfilled.
Equivalent properties of holomorphic functions of a variableIn neighbourhood of a complex number, the following properties of complex functions are equivalent:
edit- (H1) The function can be differentiated in a complex manner.
- (H2) The function can be varied as often as desired.
- (H3) Real and imaginary parts meet the Cauchy-Riemann equations and can be continuously differentiated.
- (H4) The function can be developed into a complex power series.
- (H5) The function is steady and the path integral of the function disappears via any closed contractible path.
- (H6) The functional values in the interior of a circular disk can be determined from the functional values at the edge using the Cauchy Integral formula.
- (H7) f can be differentiated and it applies
where the Cauchy-Riemann operator defined by
Examples
editEntire Functions
editAn entire function is holomorphic on the whole . Examples are:
- each polynomial with coefficients ,
- the Exponential Function ,
- the trigonometric functions and ,
- the hyperbolic functions and .
Holomorphic, non-gant functions
edit- Rational functions are holomorphic apart from the zero points of polynomial in the denominator. Then rational function has isolated singularities (e.g. poles. Rational functions are examples for meromorphic functions.
- The Logarithm function can be developed at all points from into a power series and is thus holomorphic on the set .
Functions - not holomorphic at any point
editThe following functions are not holomorphic in any . Examples are:
- the absolute value function ,
- the projections on the real part or on the imaginary part ,
- complex conjugation .
The function is complex differentiable only at the point , but the function is not' holomorphic in , since it is not complex differentiable in a neighborhood of .
Properties
editBecause complex differentiation is linear and obeys the product, quotient, and chain rules, the sums, products and compositions of holomorphic functions are holomorphic, and the quotient of two holomorphic functions is holomorphic wherever the denominator is not zero.[1] That is, if functions and are holomorphic in a domain , then so are , , , and . Furthermore, is holomorphic if has no zeros in ; otherwise it is meromorphic.
If one identifies with the real plane , then the holomorphic functions coincide with those functions of two real variables with continuous first derivatives which solve the Cauchy–Riemann equations, a set of two partial differential equations.[2]
Functions for real and imaginary parts
editEvery holomorphic function can be separated into its real and imaginary parts , and each of these is a harmonic function on (each satisfies Laplace's equation ), with the harmonic conjugate of .[3] Conversely, every harmonic function on a simply connected domain is the real part of a holomorphic function: If is the harmonic conjugate of , unique up to a constant, then is holomorphic.
Cauchy's integral theorem
editCauchy's integral theorem implies that the contour integral of every holomorphic function along a loop vanishes:[4]
Here is a rectifiable path in a simply connected complex domain whose start point is equal to its end point, and is a holomorphic function.
Cauchy's integral formula
editCauchy's integral formula states that every function holomorphic inside a disk is completely determined by its values on the disk's boundary.[4] Furthermore: Suppose is a complex domain, is a holomorphic function and the closed disk is completely contained in . Let be the circle forming the boundary of . Then for every in the interior of :
where the contour integral is taken counter-clockwise.
Cauchy's differentiation formula
editThe derivative can be written as a contour integral[4] using Cauchy's differentiation formula:
for any simple loop positively winding once around , and
for infinitesimal positive loops around .
Conformal map
editIn regions where the first derivative is not zero, holomorphic functions are conformal: they preserve angles and the shape (but not size) of small figures.[5]
Analytic - Taylor series
editEvery holomorphic function is analytic. That is, a holomorphic function has derivatives of every order at each point in its domain, and it coincides with its own Taylor series at in a neighbourhood of . In fact, coincides with its Taylor series at in any disk centred at that point and lying within the domain of the function.
Functions as complex vector space
editFrom an algebraic point of view, the set of holomorphic functions on an open set is a commutative ring and a complex vector space. Additionally, the set of holomorphic functions in an open set is an integral domain if and only if the open set is connected. [6] In fact, it is a locally convex topological vector space, with the seminorms being the suprema on compact subsets.
Geometric perspective - infinitely differentiable
editFrom a geometric perspective, a function is holomorphic at if and only if its exterior derivative in a neighbourhood of is equal to for some continuous function . It follows from
that is also proportional to , implying that the derivative is itself holomorphic and thus that is infinitely differentiable. Similarly, implies that any function that is holomorphic on the simply connected region is also integrable on .
Choice of Path - Independency
editFor a path from to lying entirely in , define ; in light of the Jordan curve theorem and the generalized Stokes' theorem, is independent of the particular choice of path , and thus is a well-defined function on having or .
Biholomorphic functions
editA function which is holomorphous bijective and whose reverse function is holomorph is called biholomorph. In the case of a complex change, the equivalent is that the image is bijective and conformal. From the Implicit Function Theorem it implies for holomorphic functions of a single variable that a bijective, holomorphic function always has a holomorphic inverse function.
Holomorphy of several variable
editIn the n-dimensional complex space
editLet a complex open subset. An illustration is called holomorph if is holomorphous in each sub-function and each variable. With the Wittgenstein-calculus and a calculus is available, with which it is easier to manage the partial derivations of a complex function. However, holomorphic functions of several changers no longer have so many beautiful properties.For instance, the Cauchy integral set does not apply and the Identity law is only valid in a weakened version. For these functions, however, the integral formula of Cauchy can be generalized by Induction to dimensions. Salomon Bochner even proved in 1944 a generalization of the -dimensional Cauchy integral formula. This bears the name Bochner-Martinelli-Formel.
In complex geometry
editHolomorphic images are also considered in the Complex Geometry. Thus, holomorphic images can be defined between Riemann surface and between Complex Manifolds analogously to differentiable functions between smooth maifolds. In addition, there is an important counterpart to the smooth Differential forms for integration theory, called holomorphic Differential form.
Literature
edit- Bak, J., Newman, D. J., & Newman, D. J. (2010). Complex analysis (Vol. 8). New York: Springer.
- Lang, S. (2013). Complex analysis (Vol. 103). Springer Science & Business Media.
References
edit- ↑ Henrici, Peter (1993). Applied and Computational Complex Analysis. Wiley Classics Library. 3 (Reprint ed.). New York - Chichester - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-58986-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=vKZPsjaXuF4C.
- ↑ Markushevich, A.I. (1965). Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable. Prentice-Hall - in three volumes.
- ↑ Evans, L.C. (1998). Partial Differential Equations. American Mathematical Society.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lang, Serge (2003). Complex Analysis. Springer Verlag GTM. Springer Verlag.
- ↑ Rudin, Walter (1987). Real and Complex Analysis (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw–Hill Book Co.. ISBN 978-0-07-054234-1.
- ↑ Gunning, Robert C.; Rossi, Hugo (1965). Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables. Modern Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 9780821869536. MR 0180696. Zbl 0141.08601
See also
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- Datum: 11/4/2024
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Translation and Version Control
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