Esperanto/Grammar
This page gives an overview of the grammar of Esperanto. To read more about it, see Esperanto grammar at Wikipedia
Personal pronouns
editsingular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
first person | mi (I) | ni (we) | |
second person | vi (you) | ||
third person |
masculine | li (he) | ili (they) |
feminine | ŝi (she) | ||
epicene | ĝi (it) | ||
indefinite | oni (one) | ||
reflexive | si (self) |
Prefixes
editThis is a list of Esperanto prefixes.
Prefix | Audio | Meaning | Example | Audio | Translation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bo- | in-law | bopatro | father-in-law | ||
dis- | distribution | distranĉi | to cut/chop up | ||
ek- | beginning | ekbrili | ignite | ||
eks- | ended | eksedzino | ex-wife | ||
fi- | disgusting, nasty | fihomo | wicked person | ||
ge- | both sexes | gepatroj | parents (both sexes) | ||
mal- | opposite | maldoni | take | ||
mis- | wrongly | mislegi | misread | ||
pra- | since long | prapatroj | forefathers | ||
re- | repetitive | relegi | reread | ||
vic- | step- vice- spare |
vicfilo vicprezidanto vicrado |
stepson vice-president spare wheel |
Suffixes
editThis is a list of Esperanto suffixes. If a part-of-speech ending is included, this indicates which form is considered the base form (object/action/characteristic), see Lesson 4
Suffix | Audio | Meaning | Example | Audio | Translation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-aĉ- | cheap, poor quality | domaĉo | shack | ||
-adi | prolonged | paroladi | ramble | ||
-ado | action | martelado | hammering | ||
-aĵo | to make a noun something that originates from the noun |
belaĵo konstruaĵo bovaĵo |
something beautiful building beef | ||
-ano | member/citizen | insulano kanadano |
islander Canadian | ||
-aro | group | estraro | governing board | ||
-ĉjo | male nickname | paĉjo | daddy | ||
-ebla | possibility | videbla | visible | ||
-eco | -ness | dolĉeco | sweetness | ||
-edo* | biological family (technical) | numidedo | Guinea fowls | ||
-eg- | bigger | ventego | windstorm | ||
-ejo | a place | preĝejo | church/temple (place of prayer) | ||
-ema | tendency | ŝparema | thrifty | ||
-enda | should/must | legenda | that should be read | ||
-ero | small part | salero | grain of salt | ||
-estro | leader | urbestro | mayor | ||
-et- | smaller | rideti | smile (little laugh) | ||
-io | country | Francio | France | ||
-ido | offspring | ĉevalido | colt | ||
-igi | to cause | purigi | to (make) clean | ||
-iĝi | become | ruĝiĝi | to redden, to blush | ||
-ilo | tool | ŝlosilo | key (lock tool) | ||
-ino | female | patrino | mother | ||
-inda | worthy | admirinda | admirable | ||
-ingo | holder, sheath | kandelingo | candle-holder | ||
-ismo | an ism, a doctrine | komunismo | communism | ||
-isto | profession | biciklisto | (professional) cyclist | ||
(-iva)1 | able to | kreiva | creative | ||
-njo | female nickname | panjo | mommy | ||
-obla | times/fold | duobla | double | ||
-ona | part | kvarona kvarono |
quarter a quarter | ||
-ope | group | sesope | with six (people) | ||
(-oza)1 | full of | muskuloza | muscular | ||
-ujo | container fruit tree (archaic) country (archaic) |
monujo pomujo Francujo |
purse/wallet apple tree France | ||
-ulo | trait member of a zoological group |
stultulo mamulo |
fool mammal | ||
-umo -umi -uma |
ad hoc | komunumo kolumo palpebrumi akvumi ŝtonumi dekstrume |
community collar to wink to water to stone, to execute by stoning clockwise |
- Originally from Ido.
Correlatives
editCorrelatives | ki- | ti- | i- | ĉi- | neni- |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-u (person/thing) |
ki-u (who) |
ti-u (this/that person/thing) |
i-u (some/a person/thing) |
ĉi-u (every person/thing) |
neni-u (no person/thing) |
-o (thing) |
ki-o (what) |
ti-o (that) |
i-o (some thing) |
ĉi-o (every thing) |
neni-o (no thing) |
-a (type/kind) |
ki-a (what type, which kind) |
ti-a (this/that type/kind) |
i-a (some/a type/kind) |
ĉi-a (every type/kind) |
neni-a (no type/kind) |
-e (place, location) |
ki-e (where) |
ti-e (there) |
i-e (some place) |
ĉi-e (every place) |
neni-e (no place) |
-om (quantity) |
ki-om (how many) |
ti-om (this many) |
i-om (some amount) |
ĉi-om (every amount) |
neni-om (no amount) |
-am (time) |
ki-am (when) |
ti-am (then) |
i-am (some time) |
ĉi-am (every time, always) |
neni-am (no time, never) |
-es (ownership) |
ki-es (whose) |
ti-es (their) |
i-es (some/any one's) |
ĉi-es (everyone's) |
neni-es (no one's) |
-al (causation) |
ki-al (why) |
ti-al (because) |
i-al (for some reason) |
ĉi-al (for all reasons) |
neni-al (for no reason) |
-el (method) |
ki-el (how, in what way) |
ti-el (this way) |
i-el ((in) some way) |
ĉi-el (in every way) |
neni-el (in no way) |