Complex Analysis/Exponentiation and square root

Introduction

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This page about Complex_Analysis/Exponentiation_and_square_root can be displayed as Wiki2Reveal slides. Single sections are regarded as slides and modifications on the slides will immediately affect the content of the slides. The following aspects of Exponentiation and roots are considered in detail:

Exponentiation

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Let   and we consider the exponentiation   of the complex number   as repeated multiplication of  . Among other things, the polar coordinates support for the geometric interpretation of the operation "exponentiation".

Natural exponents - Polar coordinates

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For natural numbers   the exponent   in the polar form is calculated  

 

(see also De Moivre's Theorem)

Natural exponents - algebraic representation

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For algebraic form   using the binomial law

 

Roots of a complex number

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The roots can be represented in the following form:

 

Remark to roots

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The exponentiation of the expression   generates a multiple of  . The Term   generates exactly the desired angle of  injection of   - see also roots of complex numbers.

Logarithms

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The complex natural logarithm is ambiguous (other than the logarith in the real values). A complex number   is called logarithm of the complex number  

 

Periodicity of the exponential function

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With   being the logarithm of  , each number   with any   is also a logarithm of  . It is therefore possible to work with Branch of the Logarithm, i.e. with values of a specific area of the complex plane.

Main branch of logarithm

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The main branch of the natural logarithm of the complex number

 

with   and   is

 

Note - Main branch

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The main branch of the natural logarithm of the complex number   is

 

where   is the main branch of the Arguments of  .

The finite subgroups

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All elements of a finite subgroup of the multiplicative group of units   are roots of unity. Among all order of element in group theory is maximum natural number, for example  . Since   is commutative, an element with this maximum order then also generates the group, so that the group is cyclic and is exactly generated by the elements

 

there. All elements are located on the unit circle.


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