AP European History at GRCHS/The First Quarter
Unit 1
edit1A
editUnit 2
edit2A
editI. Age of Exploration:
A time when Europeans were trying to find a new route to Asia
- a. Reasons to go… God, Gold, & Glory
- i. God - people wanted to convert the newly discovered peoples to Christianity
- ii. Gold
- iii. Glory
- iv. The Realities
- v. Early Leaders in Exploration Potugal + Spain
- b. Technology of Exploration
- i. Cannon
- ii. Caravels over Galleys
- iii. Sails
- iv. Compass
- v. Astrolabe
- c. European Sponsorship
- i. In return for sponsorship
II. Exploration & Discovery:
- a. Portugal & Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
- i. Bartholomew Dias (1487)
- ii. Vasco da Gama (1497-99)
- iii. Pedro Cabral (1500-01)
- b. Spain & Ferdinand and Isabella
- i. Christopher Columbus (1492)
- ii. Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1521)
- iii. Hernando Cortes (1519-1522)
- iv. Francisco Pizarro (1531-1536)
- c. England & the British East/West India Company
- i. John Cabot (1497)
- ii. Sir Francis Drake (1577-1580)
- iii. Joint Stock Companies
- a. Virginia & London Companies
- b. Cash Crops
- d. France
- i. Jacques Cartier (1534-1541)
- e. Netherlands & the Dutch East/West India Company
- f. Golden Century of Spain was a time when the Spanish controlled much of the New World and was a powerful force in Europe.
- g. Price (Commercial) Revolution (16th Century)
III. Columbian Exchange:
- a. Definition
- b. From the New World
- c. From the Old World
- d. Triangle Trade & the Atlantic Economy
- i. From EUR
- ii. From AFR
- a. Bartolommeo de las Casas (1515)
- b. Atlantic Slave Trade
- iii. From AME
- iv. From EUR
IV. Roots of the Reformation (1400-1517):
- a. Secularism
- b. Simony
- c. Pluralism
- d. Indulgences
- e. Immorality
- i. Alexander VI (1492-1503)
- ii. Julius II (1503-1513)
- iii. Leo X (1513-1521)
- iv. Clement VII (1523-1534)
- f. Early Reformers
- i. Heretics, Excommunication, & Execution
V. The Reformation:
VI. The Protestant Reformation:
- a. Martin Luther (1483-1546)
- b. Ninety-Five Theses (1517)
- i. It Said
- ii. His Intentions
- c. Luther & his Doctrine
- i. Faith Alone
- ii. Interpret the Bible
- iii. Two Sacraments
- iv. Scripture Alone (sola scriptura)
- v. Consubstantiation
- a. Transubstantiation
- d. Leo X & the Summons to Augsburg (1519)
- i. Luther thinks
- ii. The Cardinals think
- iii. In the end
- e. Prince Frederick III of Saxony (1520)
- i. German Princes, Luther, & the Politics of the Reformation
- f. Charles V, Luther, & the Pope
- g. Diet of Worms (1521)
- i. The problem
VII. Reaction to Luther’s Ideas in Germany:
- a. Clergy
- b. Nobles
- i. Diet of Speyer (1526)
- ii. Diet of Speyer & Protestatio (1529)
- c. Peasants & “Christian Freedom”
- i. On Christian Liberty (1520) & An Admonition to Peace (1525)
- ii. German Peasant Revolt/Swabian Peasant Revolt (1524-1525)
- iii. Their Demands in the Twelve Articles
- iv. Luther’s Response in the Against the Murdering, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
- a. Why did Luther side with the German Princes?
- d. Believers, the Augsburg Confession, & the Lutheran Church (1530)
- e. Charles V & his Lackluster Response
- i. Habsburg-Valois Wars
- ii. Ottomans Turks & the 1530’s
- iii. Schmalkaldic League & War (1546-1547)
- iv. Peace of Augsburg (1555)
- v. Death of Charles V (1556)
- a. His Son, Phillip II (1556-1598) & the Spanish Habsburgs
- b. His Brother, Ferdinand I (1556-1564) & the Austrian Habsburgs
- v. Death of Charles V (1556)
VIII. Reformation Throughout Europe:
- a. Switzerland
- i. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) of Zurich
- a. His Reforms
- ii. Anabaptists (1525)
- a. Their Reforms
- i. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) of Zurich
- iii. Jean Calvin (1509-1564)
- a. Institutions of the Christian Religion (1536)
- i. Predestination
- a. Institutions of the Christian Religion (1536)
- ii. Good Works
- iii. Protestant Work Ethnic
- b. Theocracy at Geneva & his Ecclesiastical Ordinances
- i. Presbyters
- ii. Michael Servetus
- c. French Calvinists (Huguenots)
- b. Low Countries
- c. Scotland, John Knox, & Presbyterianism
- i. Book of Common Order (1564)
- d. England & Henry VIII
- i. Henry VIII (1509-1547), Catherine of Aragon, & Succession
- a. Mary Tudor
- ii. Anne Boleyn, Separation, & Elizabeth I
- a. Elizabeth I
- b. Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533)
- c. Act of Succession (1534)
- d. Act of Supremacy (1534)
- e. Book of Common Prayer
- iii. Religious Reform for the Anglican Church
- a. Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)
- iv. Edward VI (1547-1553)
- v. Mary Tudor (1553-1558)
- vi. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
IX. Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation):
- a. Reaction to Protestantism under Pope Paul III (1534-1549)
- i. Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office (1542)
- b. Reaction to Protestantism under Pope Paul IV (1555-1559)
- i. Index of Forbidden Books
- c. Council of Trent (1545-1563)
- i. Rejected Protestant ideas
- ii. Seminary Education
- iii. No Indulgences/Simony/Pluralism
- d. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
- i. Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order) & Spiritual Exercises (1548)
- a. Basic Tenets
- b. Results
- e. Baroque
- i. Basic Ideas
- ii. Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) & The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa
- iii. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) & The Horrors of War, Massacre of the Innocents
- f. Results
X. Culture during the Two Reformations:
- a. Role of Women in the Protestant Reformation
- b. Role of Women in Catholic Reformation
- i. Witch Hunts
I.Unit 2 I.D. Terms:
1)Age of Exploration:
2)Bartholomew Dias:
3)Vasco de Gama:
4)Christopher Columbus:
5)Ferdinand Magellan:
6)Hernando Cortez:
7)Francisco Pizarro:
8)Joint-Stock Companies:
9)Golden Century of Spain:
10)Price (Commercial) Revolution:
11)Columbian Exchange:
12)Triangle Trade:
13)Atlantic Economy:
14)Protestant Reformation:
15)Pluralism:
16)Simony:
17)Indulgences:
18)Martin Luther:
19)Charles V:
20)Diet of Worms:
21)German Peasant Revolt:
22)Schmalkaldic War:
23)Peace of Augsburg:
24)John Calvin:
25)Predestination:
26)Theocracy:
27)John Knox:
28)Henry VIII:
29)Act of Supremacy:
30)Catholic Reformation:
31)Baroque:
32)Council of Trent:
33)Ignatius Loyola:
2B
editI. Wars of Religion (1572-1648):
- a. Medieval Idea of Christendom
- b. Protestant Realities
- c. Catholic Realities
- d. Major Conflicts in Europe
II. France III. Low Countries
IV. Holy Roman Empire
V. France, King Francis I (1515-1547), & the Huguenots:
- a. Problems w/ Taxation(taille [land] tax)
- b. Problems w/ the Nobility
- a. Huguenot Minority in France
- c. Problems w/ the People
- d. The Solution: the Concordat of Bologna (1516)
- a. It Said
- b. Significance on the Nobility
- c. Significance on Revenue
- d. Significance on the Clergy
- e. Significance on the Huguenots
- e. Henry II (1547-1559) [son of Francis I], Calvinism, & Persecution
- f. Catherine de’ Medici (1519-1589) [wife of Henry II] & Her Regency
- a. The Problem w/ Catherine
- b. The Problem w/ Regencies
- c. House of Guise [C], the House of Montmorency [C], & the House of Bourbon [P]
- g. Charles IX (1560-1574) [1st son of Henry II] & Marriage to Navarre (1572)
- a. Henry of Navarre (1553-1610) [Leader of House Bourbon] & His Sister
- b. Problems w/ the House of Guise
- c. Henry Guise [Leader of House Guise] & the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)
- i. Results
- h. Henry III (1574-1589) [2nd son of Henry II] & Financial Crisis
- a. Problems w/ the Nobles
- i. Catholic League (1576) & Henry Guise
- b. Henry of Navarre & Heir to the Throne (1584)
- i. Henry & Politiques
- i. War of the Three Henry’s (1584-1589)
- a. Henry of Guise’s Execution (1588)
- b. Henry III’s Assassination (1589)
- c. Henry of Navarre’s Win (1589)
- j. Henry of Navarre, Unity, & “Paris is worth a Mass” (1593)
- k. Henry IV of the Bourbon Dynasty & the Edict of Nantes (1598)
- a. Edict of Nantes
- i. La Rochelle
- a. Edict of Nantes
- l. Rebuilding France in the Aftermath
- a. Maximilien Bethune & the Duke of Sully
- b. Taxation & the Paulette (Office Inheritance)
- c. Colonization
- d. Infrastructure
- e. Bureaucracy
- f. Ignored Provincial Complaints, Parlements (royal law courts), & Estates General (Legislature)
- i. Charles Loyseau & Treatise on Orders and Plain Dignities
- f. Ignored Provincial Complaints, Parlements (royal law courts), & Estates General (Legislature)
- g. Henry’s Life, marriage to Marie de’ Medici, & Death (1610)
- m. Louis XIII (1610-1643) [son of Henry VI]
- a. Called Estates General (1616)
- b. Ignored the Edict of Nantes (1627)
- c. Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) & Reasons of the State
- i. Intendant System & Generalities
- a. Political Purpose
- ii. Religious Views & Foreign Policy
VI. Low Countries & the Dutch Revolt:
- a. Charles V & Dutch Happiness
- b. Phillip II & Dutch Unhappiness
- c. Dutch Revolt (1556-1587)
- d. Duke of Alva & the Council of Blood
- e. William of Orange [the Silent] (1576) & Protestant Revival
- f. Alexander Farnese (Phillip’s nephew)
- a. Ten Southern Counties (Spanish Netherlands) [Belgium]
- b. Seven Northern Counties (Dutch United Provinces) [the Netherlands]
- i. Union of Utrecht (1579)
- ii. Dutch United Provinces (1581)
- a. Phillip II’s Reality
- g. Elizabeth I (1558-1603), Dutch Support, War w/ Spain
- a. English Textiles
- b. Fear of Dutch Conquest
- c. Assassination Attempt by Phillip & Mary
- h. Phillip’s Invasion & the Spanish Armada (1588)
- a. Why Spain Lost
- b. Why England Won
- c. Significance
- i. Phillip III (1598-1621) [son of Phillip II] & Peace (1609)
- j. Spain’s Decline
- a. Wars w/ England & the Dutch
- b. Gold Trade Slowed
- c. Population Increase & Lack of a Middle Class
- d. Rise of Northern European States
- i. Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) & Don Quixote
- e. Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659)
- i. Spanish/French Border
- ii. French Italian Possessions
- iii. Austrian Italian Possessions
VII. Holy Roman Empire & the Thirty Years’ War:
- a. Peace of Augsburg to 1618
- b. Prelude to War: Ferdinand II (1578-1637) [Habsburg King of Austria] & Holy Roman Emperorship
- a. Bohemian Diet (1618)
- b. Problem w/ Bohemia
- c. Defenestration of Prague (1618)
- a. Catholic League
- b. Protestant Union
- d. The Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1625)
- a. Protestant Union led by Prince Frederick V of the Palatinate
- b. Catholic League led by Ferdinand II, Phillip III (Spain), & Johannes von Tilly
- c. Results of the Bohemian Phase
- e. The Danish Phase of the Thirty Years’ War (1625-1629)
- a. Protestant Union led by Christian IV (1588-1648)
- b. Catholic League led by Ferdinand II, Phillip III (Spain), Johannes von Tilly, & Albrecht Wallenstein
- c. Results of the Danish Phase
- i. Edict of Restitution (1629)
- f. The Swedish Phase of the Thirty Years’ War (1629-1635)
- a. Protestant Union led by Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632)
- b. Catholic League led by Ferdinand II, Phillip III (Spain), Johannes von Tilly, & Albrecht Wallenstein
- c. Results of the Swedish Phase
- g. The French Phase of the Thirty Years’ War (1635-1648)
- a. Protestant Union led by Louis XIII
- b. Catholic League led by Ferdinand III (1637-1657) & Phillip IV (1621-1665)
- c. Results of the French Phase
- h. Peace of Westphalia (1648)
- a. Spain & the Dutch
- b. Switzerland
- c. France & Alsace & Lorraine
- d. Papal Limitations
- e. Bohemia & Austria
- f. Brandenburg-Prussia
- g. Peace of Augsburg
- h. German Princes
- i. Results of the Thirty Years’ War
- a. Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) & Essays
V. Unit 2 I.D. Terms:
1) Huguenots:
2) Concordat of Bologna:
3) Henry III:
4) Henry of Navarre:
5) War of the Three Henry’s:
6) Edict of Nantes:
7) Louis XIII:
8) Cardinal Richelieu:
9) Intendant System:
10) Dutch Revolt:
11) Phillip II:
12) Spanish Armada:
13) Elizabeth I:
14) Treaty of the Pyrenees:
15) Thirty Years’ War:
16) Ferdinand II:
17) Defenestration of Prague:
18) Bohemian Phase:
19) Danish Phase:
20) Swedish Phase:
21) French Phase:
22) Pease of Westphalia:
Unit 3
edit3A
editI. Absolutism:
- a. Absolutism is
A political philosophy, system of govenrment that says the King should be powerful.
- a. Examples of Absolutist States
France, Russia, Austria, Prussia
- b. Philosophical Support of Absolutism
- i. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) & Leviathan
- b. Philosophical Support of Absolutism
- ii. Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704)
Devine Right of Kings- God said they should have a powerful King
- b. Absolutism was a reaction to
- c. Absolutism in Reality
- a. Law & Tradition
- b. Nobles’ Role in GOV
- c. Economy of the State
- d. Breaking Point of the People
- d. Characteristics of an Absolutist State
- a. Centralized Monarchy
- b. Royal Dynasty
- c. Role of the Nobility
The King reduced their power but increased their status.
- d. Ignoring of Legislatures
King ignores town councils and other courts, they can only meet if they are called by the King.
- e. Oppression of the Peasants
Take away their rights.
- f. Strengthening of the Bureaucracy
- i. Problems
- g. Expansion of the Citizen Military
Wants a standing army.
- i. War as a “Reason of the State”
Everything you do should improve the state; War should increase territory.
- h. State Religion
State should control, King appoints state religious leaders.
- i. Architecture & Construction
Symbols of Power; victories
- i. Baroque
- ii. Neoclassicism
Artistic painting (classical themes)
II. Absolutism in France: “One Law, One King, One Faith”:
Louis XIV goal to a Absolute Monarchy; centralized government
- a. Louis XIV (1638-1715) [reigns 1643-1715], the Sun King
The King who put absolutism in place in France, only 5 years old when he took reign
- a. Anne of Austria (1601-1666) & Cardinal Jules Mazarin (1602-1661)
- b. Mazarin’s Rule of France
- i. Fronde (1648-1653)
- ii. Mazarin’s Response
- iii. Louis XIV’s Response (1653)
- a. Results
- b. Louis XIV, the Absolute & his Reign
- a. Louis as God’s Representative on Earth
- b. Louis, his Nobles, & Taxation (capitation [head tax] & vingtieme [5% tax on land])
- i. Status as a Control
- a. Everything Has A Place & Every Place Has A Thing
- ii. Levels of Status & Appointments
- a. Nobility of the Robe & Merchants
- b. Nobility of the Sword & Court Life
- c. Louis XIV, the Palace at Versailles, & the Supreme Symbol of Royal Power
- i. Palace at Versailles (construction 1669-1686)
- ii. Baroque Architecture at Versailles
- iii. Political Purposes
- a. Foreign Diplomats
- b. Peasants
- c. Nobility of the Sword
- iii. Political Purposes
- i. Those Not Participating
- iv. Court Life
- a. Ceremonies
- i. Conduct
- a. Ceremonies
- ii. The French Playwright, Moliere
- a. The Bourgeois Gentlemen & Tartuffe
- v. Impact of Versailles on Europe
- a. St. Petersburg under Peter I & the Potsdam Palace under Frederick II
- d. Louis XIV & Mercantilism
- i. Mercantilism
- a. Mercantilist Principles
- i. Wealth in Finite (Limited)
- a. Mercantilist Principles
- ii. Wealth as Power
- iii. Wealth & Competition
- iv. Wealth, Power, & Influence
- b. Mercantilist Economic Policies
- ii. Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), Louis XIV’s Finance Minister (1661)
- a. His Domestic Policies
- e. Louis XIV’s Persecution of Minorities
- i. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)
- a. Results
- b. Economic Significance
- f. Limits to French Absolutism
- i. No Nation-State
- f. Limits to French Absolutism
- ii. Provincial Estates
- iii. Parlements
- a. Parlement of Paris & the Jansenists
- iv. Uncontrollable Factors by Jean Bodin
- v. Reality for France
III. The Habsburg Monarchy & the Holy Roman Empire:
- a. The Limits of the Holy Roman Emperor
- b. The Rise of Austria
- a. Possessions
- b. The Metropolitan Monarchy
- c. Problems with the Nobles
- d. Problems with Hungary (Magyars)
- i. Hungarian Rebellion (1679)
- ii. The Siege of Vienna (1683) & Leopold I (1658-1705) [King of Austria & Holy Roman Emperor]
- iii. Poland, the Great Vanquisher of the Turks
- iv. Lifting of the Siege of Vienna
- v. Pope Innocent XI & Formation of the Holy League (1684)
- vi. War of the Holy League (1686-1687)
- vii. Peace of Karlowitz (1699)
- a. It Said
- e. Reality for Austria
IV. The Rise of Prussia & the Hohenzollern Dynasty:
- a. Brandenburg-Prussia
- b. Benefits from the Thirty Years’ War
- a. Junkers & the Peasants
- c. Problems from the Thirty Years’ War
- d. Frederick William, the Great Elector (1640-1688) & the Path to Centralization
- a. Agreement with the Junkers (1653)
- b. With the Money from Taxation
- c. His Goal
- i. Results
- d. Creation of State Officials
- e. General Directory over Finance, War, and Royal Domains
- f. Results Under Frederick William
- e. King Frederick I of Prussia (1688-1713) [son of Frederick William]
- f. Frederick William I (1713-1740) [son of Frederick I], the Sergeant King
- a. Creation of Fiscals
- b. Appointment of Commoners
- c. “Prussia is not an country with an army, it is an army with a country”
- i. Size of the Army
- d. Reality for Prussia
V. The Expansion of Muscovy & the Creation of Russia:
- a. Russia & the Mongols (13th Century to 15th Century)
- b. Rise of the Muscovy & Ivan III (1462-1505)
- a. Poland to the West, Mongols to the East, Crimean Tartars to the South
- c. Ivan IV (1533-1584), the Terrible, & Expansion of the Muscovite State
- a. His Goals
- b. Territorial Expansion
- c. Control of the Boyars
- d. The Terrible Years (1570’s)
- i. War with Poland
- ii. Oprinchnina
- iii. Murder of his Daughter-in-Law, unborn-Grandson, & Son (Ivan)
- a. Fyodor (Ivan IV’s other son)
- d. Time of Troubles (1584-1613)
- a. Rise of the Cossacks
- b. Multiple Czars
- e. Michael Romanov (1613-164), the Assembly of Nobles, & Stability
- a. Why Him?
- f. Romanov Russia
- a. Russian Orthodox Church & the Romanovs
- i. The Old Believers
- b. Peasant Life
- c. Foreign Enemies
- d. Westward Expansion & War with Poland (1640’s)
- i. Treaty of Andrussovo (1667)
- g. Sweden, Muscovite Russia’s Great Enemy
- a. Charles XII (1697-1718)
- h. Peter I [the Great] (1682-1725), Tsar of Russia, Vanquisher of the Swedes
- a. His Problems with Russian Culture
- b. Peter’s European Tour & Modernization (Westernization)
- c. Peter & His Reforms in Russia
- i. Bureaucracy
- c. Peter & His Reforms in Russia
- a. Creation of a Senate
- ii. Table of Ranks (1722) & the Service State
- a. Use of Commoners
- iii. Cultural Shift
- a. St. Petersburg
- iv. Old Believers & Other Objectors
- v. Economy & Taxation
- vi. Military
- vii. Territorial Expansion & the Port of Azoz (1696)
- d. Great Northern War (1700-1721)
- i. Battle of Narva (1700)
- ii. Battle of Poltava (1709)
- iii. Treaty of Nystadt (1721)
- a. Territorial Gains
- i. Limitations to Russian Absolutism
- j. Reality for Russia
VI. European Balance of Power Politics:
- a. Renaissance Idea of Balance of Power
- b. International Law
- a. Samuel von Pufendorf (1632 – 1694) & Of the Law of Nature and Nations (1672)
- c. Wars to Maintain Balance of Power
- a. Louis XIV & France’s “Natural Borders”
- b. War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)
- i. England/Dutch United Provinces/Austria/Spain vs. France
- ii. Treaty of Ryswick (1692)
- b. War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)
- c. War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
- i. Spain, Charles II, & Succession (1700)
- ii. Philip of Anjou (Louis XIV’s grandson)
- iii. Philip V, King of Spain (1700)
- iv. Philip V, Heir to the French Throne (1701)
- v. England/Dutch United Provinces/Austria/Prussia vs. Spain/France
- vi. Peace of Utrecht (1713)
- a. It Said
- b. Territorial Exchanges for Austria
- c. Territorial Exchanges for England
- vi. Peace of Utrecht (1713)
- vii. Louis XV (1715-1774)
- d. Creation of the Modern State
I. Unit 3 I.D. Terms:
1) Absolutism:
2) Reasons of the State:
3) Baroque:
4) “One Law, One King, One Faith”:
5) Louis XIV:
6) Fronde:
7) Parlement:
8) Palace at Versailles:
9) Mercantilism:
10) Jean-Baptiste Colbert:
11) Metropolitan Monarchy:
12) Siege of Vienna:
13) Leopold I:
14) War of the Holy League:
15) Junkers:
16) Frederick William, the Great Elector:
17) Frederick William I:
18) Ivan IV:
19) Time of Troubles:
20) Michael Romanov:
21) Peter I:
22) Modernization:
23) Great Northern War:
24) Treaty of Nystadt:
25) European Balance of Power:
26) War of the League of Augsburg:
27) Treaty of Ryswick:
28) War of Spanish Succession:
29) Philip of Anjou:
30) Peace of Utrecht:
3B
editI. ’’’Absolutism: ’’’
- a. Absolutism is
- a. Examples of Absolutist States
- b. Philosophical Support of Absolutism
- i. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) & Leviathan
- ii. Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704)
- b. Absolutism was a reaction to
- c. Absolutism in Reality
- a. Law & Tradition
- b. Nobles’ Role in GOV
- c. Economy of the State
- d. Breaking Point of the People
- d. Characteristics of an Absolutist State
- a. Centralized Monarchy
- b. Royal Dynasty
- c. Role of the Nobility
- d. Ignoring of Legislatures
- e. Oppression of the Peasants
- f. Strengthening of the Bureaucracy
- i. Problems
- g. Expansion of the Citizen Military
- i. War as a “Reason of the State”
- h. State Religion
- i. Architecture & Construction
- i. Baroque
- ii. Neoclassicism
II. ’’’Absolutism in France: “One Law, One King, One Faith”:’’’
- a. Louis XIV (1638-1715) [reigns 1643-1715], the Sun King
- a. Anne of Austria (1601-1666) & Cardinal Jules Mazarin (1602-1661)
- b. Mazarin’s Rule of France
- i. Fronde (1648-1653)
- ii. Mazarin’s Response
- iii. Louis XIV’s Response (1653)
- a. Results
- b. Louis XIV, the Absolute & his Reign
- a. Louis as God’s Representative on Earth
- b. Louis, his Nobles, & Taxation (capitation [head tax] & vingtieme [5% tax on land])
- i. Status as a Control
- a. Everything Has A Place & Every Place Has A Thing
- ii. Levels of Status & Appointments
- a. Nobility of the Robe & Merchants
- b. Nobility of the Sword & Court Life
- c. Louis XIV, the Palace at Versailles, & the Supreme Symbol of Royal Power
- i. Palace at Versailles (construction 1669-1686)
- ii. Baroque Architecture at Versailles
- iii. Political Purposes
- a. Foreign Diplomats
- b. Peasants
- c. Nobility of the Sword
- i. Those Not Participating
- iv. Court Life
- a. Ceremonies
- i. Conduct
- ii. The French Playwright, Moliere
- a. The Bourgeois Gentlemen & Tartuffe
- v. Impact of Versailles on Europe
- a. St. Petersburg under Peter I & the Potsdam Palace under Frederick II
- d. Louis XIV & Mercantilism
- i. Mercantilism
- a. Mercantilist Principles
- i. Wealth in Finite (Limited)
- ii. Wealth as Power
- iii. Wealth & Competition
- iv. Wealth, Power, & Influence
- b. Mercantilist Economic Policies
- ii. Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), Louis XIV’s Finance Minister (1661)
- a. His Domestic Policies
- e. Louis XIV’s Persecution of Minorities
- i. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)
- a. Results
- b. Economic Significance
- f. Limits to French Absolutism
- i. No Nation-State
- ii. Provincial Estates
- iii. Parlements
- a. Parlement of Paris & the Jansenists
- iv. Uncontrollable Factors by Jean Bodin
- v. Reality for France
III. ’’’The Habsburg Monarchy & the Holy Roman Empire: ’’’
- a. The Limits of the Holy Roman Emperor
- b. The Rise of Austria
- a. Possessions
- b. The Metropolitan Monarchy
- c. Problems with the Nobles
- d. Problems with Hungary (Magyars)
- i. Hungarian Rebellion (1679)
- ii. The Siege of Vienna (1683) & Leopold I (1658-1705) [King of Austria & Holy Roman Emperor]
- iii. Poland, the Great Vanquisher of the Turks
- iv. Lifting of the Siege of Vienna
- v. Pope Innocent XI & Formation of the Holy League (1684)
- vi. War of the Holy League (1686-1687)
- vii. Peace of Karlowitz (1699)
- a. It Said
- e. Reality for Austria
IV. ’’’The Rise of Prussia & the Hohenzollern Dynasty: ’’’
- a. Brandenburg-Prussia
- b. Benefits from the Thirty Years’ War
- a. Junkers & the Peasants
- c. Problems from the Thirty Years’ War
- d. Frederick William, the Great Elector (1640-1688), & the Path to Centralization
- a. Agreement with the Junkers (1653)
- b. With the Money from Taxation
- c. His Goal
- i. Results
- d. Creation of State Officials
- e. General Directory over Finance, War, and Royal Domains
- f. Results Under Frederick William
- e. King Frederick I of Prussia (1688-1713) [son of Frederick William]
- f. Frederick William I (1713-1740) [son of Frederick I], the Sergeant King
- a. Creation of Fiscals
- b. Appointment of Commoners
- c. “Prussia is not an country with an army, it is an army with a country”
- i. Size of the Army
- d. Reality for Prussia
V. ’’’The Expansion of Muscovy & the Creation of Russia: ’’’
- a. Russia & the Mongols (13th Century to 15th Century)
- b. Rise of the Muscovy & Ivan III (1462-1505)
- a. Poland to the West, Mongols to the East, Crimean Tartars to the South
- c. Ivan IV (1533-1584), the Terrible, & Expansion of the Muscovite State
- a. His Goals
- b. Territorial Expansion
- c. Control of the Boyars
- d. The Terrible Years (1570’s)
- i. War with Poland
- ii. Oprinchnina
- iii. Murder of his Daughter-in-Law, unborn-Grandson, & Son (Ivan)
- a. Fyodor (Ivan IV’s other son)
- d. Time of Troubles (1584-1613)
- a. Rise of the Cossacks
- b. Multiple Czars
- e. Michael Romanov (1613-1645), the Assembly of Nobles, & Stability
- a. Why Him?
- f. Romanov Russia
- a. Russian Orthodox Church & the Romanovs
- i. The Old Believers
- b. Peasant Life
- c. Foreign Enemies
- d. Westward Expansion & War with Poland (1640’s)
- i. Treaty of Andrussovo (1667)
- g. Sweden, Muscovite Russia’s Great Enemy
- a. Charles XII (1697-1718)
- h. Peter I [the Great] (1682-1725), Tsar of Russia, Vanquisher of the Swedes
- a. His Problems with Russian Culture
- b. Peter’s European Tour & Modernization (Westernization)
- c. Peter & His Reforms in Russia
- i. Bureaucracy
- a. Creation of a Senate
- ii. Table of Ranks (1722) & the Service State
- a. Use of Commoners
- iii. Cultural Shift
- a. St. Petersburg
- iv. Old Believers & Other Objectors
- v. Economy & Taxation
- vi. Military
- vii. Territorial Expansion & the Port of Azoz (1696)
- d. Great Northern War (1700-1721)
- i. Battle of Narva (1700)
- ii. Battle of Poltava (1709)
- iii. Treaty of Nystadt (1721)
- a. Territorial Gains
- i. Limitations to Russian Absolutism
- j. Reality for Russia
VI. ’’’European Balance of Power Politics: ’’’
- a. Renaissance Idea of Balance of Power
- b. International Law
- a. Samuel von Pufendorf (1632 – 1694) & Of the Law of Nature and Nations (1672)
- c. Wars to Maintain Balance of Power
- a. Louis XIV & France’s “Natural Borders”
- b. War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)
- i. Also Called King William’s War (North America), Nine Years War, War of the Grand Alliance, & War of Palatine Succession
- ii. England/Dutch United Provinces/Austria/Spain vs. France
- iii. Treaty of Ryswick (1697)
- c. War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
- i. Spain, Charles II, & Succession (1700)
- ii. Philip of Anjou (Louis XIV’s grandson)
- iii. Philip V, King of Spain (1700)
- iv. Philip V, Heir to the French Throne (1701)
- v. England/Dutch United Provinces/Austria/Prussia vs. Spain/France
- vi. Peace of Utrecht (1713)
- a. It Said
- b. Territorial Exchanges for Austria
- c. Territorial Exchanges for England
- vii. Louis XV (1715-1774)
- d. Creation of the Modern State
VII. Unit 3 I.D. Terms:
1) Absolutism:
2) Reasons of the State:
3) Baroque:
4) “One Law, One King, One Faith”:
5) Louis XIV:
6) Fronde:
7) Parlement:
8) Palace at Versailles:
9) Mercantilism:
10) Jean-Baptiste Colbert:
11) Metropolitan Monarchy:
12) Siege of Vienna:
13) Leopold I:
14) War of the Holy League:
15) Junkers:
16) Frederick William, the Great Elector:
17) Frederick William I:
18) Ivan IV:
19) Time of Troubles:
20) Michael Romanov:
21) Peter I:
22) Modernization:
23) Great Northern War:
24) Treaty of Nystadt:
25) European Balance of Power:
26) War of the League of Augsburg:
27) Treaty of Ryswick:
28) War of Spanish Succession:
29) Philip of Anjou:
30) Peace of Utrecht: