World History/Honors World History Guide

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This is a rough guide to global history as taught in a 2008 class by Mr Wood at a school in Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District, United States.

Bellwork

Athenian Jurors expressed their verdicts using round disks. If the center was hollow, the defendant was guilty. If the center was filled, the defendant was innocent.
Justinian regulated the Byzantine Empire by ordering legal experts to create 100s of years of laws & opinion to create one uniform code for his "New Rome." This legal code was his lasting constitution in western civilization.
The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world. It occurred in the mid-1500s.
The Bill of Rights and the cabinet system came from England.
The Enlightenment was a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were philosophes.
Rousseau argued that laws established for and by the people are the hallmark of a free society.
The cartoon shows the 3rd estate heavily burdened at the bottom.
George Danton was a lawyer who led the Indulgent group. He was executed as a famous Jacobin because he defended himself very well.
La Marseillaise is a song written to inspire French people to fight. It gave people a sense/reason to stick with France. It aroused people in Marseilles to March.
The Directory lost control of the political situation and the confidence of the French people. A coup d'État is a sudden seizure of state.
At Trafalgar Horatio Nelson split the larger French fleet while capturing many ships. It was successful because the French had less cannons in the front and back than on the sides.
The Congress of Vienna was a forerunner of the United Nations.
The bonds that create a nation-state are culture, language, history, religion, nationality, and territory.
The two groups that made up the majority of the population of Spanish America were peninsulares and Creoles.
For a state building to occur, culturally distinct groups must form into a new state by accepting a single culture. For separatists groups to form, culturally distinct groups needs to resist being added to a state or break away.
Beethoven was deaf.
The first industry to industrialize was the textile industry. The flying shuttle speedily carried threads of yarn back and forth when the weaver pulled a handle on the loom.
Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow, and London grew during the Industrial Revolution.
There are 5 communist countries today: China, North Korea, Laos, Vietnam, and Cuba.
Imperialism is the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country. Imperialists brought railways for better transportation. Imperialists took away other people's farms and families.
Ottomans are followers of the most successful warrior of Islam, Osman. By 1566 Ottomans controlled Hungary, Crimea, Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Tripoli, Algeria, Balkans, and Greece.
India was considered the "jewel in the crown" of the British Empire because of its potential.
Gandhi adopted the spinning wheel as a symbol because he suggested Indians spin their own cloth instead of getting it from the English.
Queen Liliuokalani was Hawaii's only queen and last monarch. She tried increasing her power and restoring political power of Hawaiians at the expense of wealthy planters. American businessmen overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy.
At least 20 million people died from the Taiping Rebellion.
Commodore Perry was an American diplomat who astounded the Japanese with his black wooden steam powered ships. He threatened the Japanese to open free trade between the United States and Japan.
Japan's social class (highest to lowest): emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai, (merchant, peasant, farmer)
American engineers built the Panama Canal to destroy the mosquitoes that carried diseases and rats that carried bubonic plague. It was also built to shorten trade routes through Central America.
Tiananmen Square the site of many political activities during the 20th century.

Ancient Greece and Rome

democracy - rule by the people; everyone has power
anarchy - freeform rule; no one has power
monarchy - rule by one king/queen; no one else has power
aristocracy - rule by the noble or wealthy class
dictatorship - complete rule by one person
Aristotle - language was important to him because it could explain reason; polis; middle class should rule
Augustus - ended Roman republic; 1st emperor of Rome; led a 200 year period of stability called Pax Romana
Classical Rome and Greece's legacy to the modern world
Roman Republic compared to Athenian Democracy

Enlightenment

Hobbes - wrote Leviathan; believed absolute monarchy was the best type of government; because everyone is equal there is a war for power; men are naturally in war; give up rights to the leviathan
Montesquieu - wrote Spirit of the Laws; favored division of government; argued for a system of checks and balances; admired Britain
Rousseau - believed that obedience would preserve freedom; wrote the Social Contract
Voltaire - used satire to avoid being caught writing; criticized French society; believed in freedom of religion and right to a fair trial
Locke - freedom is law; wrote Two Treatises on Civil Government; everyone has life liberty and property
Glorious Revolution of 1688 - a bloodless revolution that overthrew King James II of England and replaced him with William of Orange
William & Mary - first monarchs under a constitutional monarchy in Britain
English Bill of Rights - (1689) changed England to a constitutional monarchy
philosophes - French word for philosopher (lovers of wisdom)
Women's roles
salons - women set up salons to spread enlightenment ideas
Habeas Corpus - undeniable right to petition against charges in court
Magna Carta - (1215) influenced development of the common law
Petition of Right - Charles I signed it; originated from Sir Edward Coke's list of complaints; it argued for no unlawful arrests, no quartering of soldiers, due process (respect all legal rights), and no unjust punishment
US War of Independence
Declaration of Independence - (1776) served as a basis for other declarations of independence
Example of U.S. Constitution to the world

French Revolution

old regime - the name of the era in France before the French revolution
3 Estates
- First Estate - had the king
- Second Estate - consisted of the nobles & clergy
- Third Estate - consisted of laborers and peasants
Louis XVI - king during the French Revolution
National Assembly - consisted of the third estate, vowed to the Tennis Court Oath to not disband until a new constitution was drafted
Bastille - In 1789, the National Assembly stormed it looking for weapons to avoid threat from Louis XVI's army
Bourgeoisie - upper middle class above proletariat; power comes from employment, education, or wealth
Versailles - former capital of France
cahiers - lists of grievances compiled in a notebook by each estate.
La Marseillaise
Estates General - Louis XVI summoned it to compiled cahiers
Tennis Court Oath - oath taken in a tennis court by the National Assembly; would not disband until there was a constitution for France
March on Versailles - march for bread led by women because prices were very high
Declaration of the Rights of man and the Citizen (1789) - based on U.S. Declaration of Independence; focused on universal natural rights
Constitution of 1791 - made constitutional monarchy and legislative assembly
Marie Antoinette - Austrian who became queen of France; was married to Louis XVI; executed by guillotine in 1793 for treason; said "Let them eat cake!" (did not actualy say but this rumor was created to anger the 3rd Estate all the same)
Bastille Day - (July 14th) day celebrated in France to honor the short constitutional monarchy in France
Declaration of Pillnitz - (1791) Leopold II and Frederick William II issued it to prevent French revolutionaries from taking away Louis XVI's power
Robespierre - led the Reign of Terror; believed the only form of punishment was the guillotine; eventually he was executed in the guillotine
Reign of Terror - 12 months in which mass guillotine executions occurred
deficit spending - spending more money than gained, leads to debt; led France into financial crisis
Napoleon Bonaparte - a Corsican-born man who sought expansion of the French empire
1st Republic - (1792-1804)
Napoleonic Code - Napoleon Bonaparte's laws
Austerlitz - one of Napoleon's most successful victories; destroyed the Third Coalition against the French empire
Waterloo (Battle of) - (1815) Napeoleon's last battle; exiled into St. Helena afterwards; constitutional monarchy set up afterwards
Battle of Nations (aka Battle of Leipzig) - (1813) Napoleon's last battle before abdication to ELBA
nationalism - feeling that one should be loyal to one's nation instead of leaders
guerrillas - hit and run style of attacks
Congress of Vienna - group formed to redraw the map of Europe; surrounded France with stronger countries; unified the 39 German states; recognized Switzerland as independent nation; consisted of Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, France, and Klemens von Metternich; combined Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic
Prince Metternich - attempted to create a balance of power; had idea of aiding other nations if revolutions broke out

The Industrial Revolution

Jethro Tull - inventor of the seed drill
Putting Out System - old system of industry; predecessor of factory system; central agent contracted subcontractors to do work in their own home; then central agent collected goods
Luddites - minority group against industrialization, broke machines and favored traditionally made goods
John Wesley - early leader of the Methodist movement; Christian theologian
laissez-faire - economy without the interference of the government
steam engine - James Watt improved it
Malthus - believed population would increase more rapidly than food supply; believed most people were destined to be poor and miserable
Enclosure Movement - wealthy land owners set boundaries on their land making it unavailable to others
causes and effects of British industrialization
Transportation Revolution
socialism - economic system in which the people would own the means of production
methodism - a group of Protestant Christianity
utilitarianism - a type of govern in which moral worths of actions are based on their utility, or how useful it is; John Stuart Mill was a follower of this
communism - a type of government in which there is no private property; everything is operated for the people, by the people
seed drill - planted seeds in even rows, more effective than planting seeds by hand
flying jenny (flying shuttle or spinning jenny?)
- spinning jenny - (James Hargreaves) a multi-spool spinning wheel
- flying shuttle - (John Kay, 1773) sped up weaving
water table - place where water pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
spread of Industrial Revolution - spread through study-touring

Latin American Revolutions

peninsulares - Spanish born people who held power
Creoles - 2nd generation of peninsulares
mestizos - people of mixed European descent living in Latin America
role of enlightenment
Miguel Hidalgo - started El Grito de Dolores
José Morelos - led the Mexican independence movement
El Grito de Dolores - call for insurrection against authorities of mexico
Itúrbide - emperor of Mexico from 1822-1823
Toussaint L'Ouverture - led a slave revolt in Haiti
yellow fever - hindered Napoleon's army's ability to stop the revolution in Haiti
Napoleon's invasion of Spain
Bolívar - liberator of southern Latin American nations
San Martín - leader of southern South America's independence from Spain; won Chile's independence
Gran Colombia - republic of Colombia; located in northern South America
Dom Pedro and Brazil - leader of Brazil's independence (from Portugal)

Romanticism and Realism

neoclassicism - a type of art that utilized reason
romanticism - a type of art that reflected emotions
realism - a type of art that tried to express the world how it was
impressionism - a type of art that tried to give the artist's impression of a subject or moment in time
Jacques Louis David - neoclassic artist; highly influential; painted pictures of the French Revolution
Byron
Dickens - depicted life in industrial cities in his works
Beethoven- deaf musician; composed Eroica (heroic)

New Imperialism

Queen Victoria
King Leopold II - sent Henry Stanley to claim territory in the land he called Congo
Shaka Zulu - almost defeated the British without guns
Menelik II - emperor of Ethiopia who strategically avoided imperialism
Livingstone - missionary sent to go to Africa and got lost; when Henry Stanley found his body, Stanley was presumed to have said "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
colony - a form of imperial control
protectorate - a form of imperial control
Kipling - English author/poet born in Bombay, India; wrote The Jungle Book
sphere of influence - a form of imperial control; a region where another entity indirectly dominates the region
Berlin Conference (1884) - conference set up to decide the division of Africa, no Africans were invited
Imperialists' motives - political, economic, and military interests
social Darwinism - a type of racism based on the concept that more developed countries have an advantage over less developed countries, making the less developed countries seem inferior to the more developed countries
how, why, and where the Imperialists were largely successful - because they had superior weapons
Boer War (2nd) - (1899-1902) war between Britain and South Africa
Ottoman Empire - a Turkish-ruled empire that was the center for Western and Eastern worlds
efforts at reform
Armenian genocide - slaughter of many Armenians during World War I.
young Turks
Egyptian modernization
Muhammad Ali - sometimes referred to as the one who modernized Egypt
Suez Canal - artificial port that joined the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea
British protectorate
British East India Company - Mughal emperor Jahangir gave trade rights for this company
Mughal Empire - ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent and part of present-day Afghanistan. when it became weak the British Raj (rule) took over
British improvements in India - they brought a railway system to India
Sepoy Rebellion - a rebellion led by Indians who refused to work because their guns were oiled in beef (which Hindus do not eat) and pork (which Muslims do not eat) fat
Growing Indian nationalism - grew after the Sepoy Rebellion
Indian National Congress - nationalist group (mostly Hindu) that fought for India's independence
Muslim League - a nationalist Muslim group that fought for the Muslim state of Pakistan
Gandhi's civil disobedience - Gandhi realized civil disobedience as the only way to combat against British colonization of India
Salt March - 241 mile long march to Dandi; Gandhi led it to get salt from sea water instead of getting it from Britain
Qing Dynasty - last imperial dynasty of China
Opium War - when Britain refused to stop trading opium with China, war started
Treaty of Nanjing - marked the end of the first opium war
Taiping Rebellion - a rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan with a goal to end poverty
Boxer Rebellion - a group that wanted to end poverty and make every place a utopia. they killed foreigners and were against imperialism
Sun Yixian - leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party, aka the kuomintang/guomindang
Chulalongkorn - successed Mongkut
Liliuokalani - last Hawaiian monarch and only queen. see bellwork for more info
Aguinaldo - played an important role for the Philippines' independence.
Spanish-American War - (1898) United States aided Cuba and the Philippines to liberate them form Spain's control
Philippine Insurrection - 11 campaigns from 1899 to 1913
Tokugawa Shogunate - predecessor of Meiji Restoration
Isolation - Japan stayed in this to avoid imperial powers
Commodore Perry - president Millard Fillmore sent him with black wooden steam ships (which the Japanese feared) to negotiate the Treaty of Kanagawa
Treaty of Kanagawa - (1854) allowed free trade between Japan and the United States in 2 Japanese ports
Meiji Restoration - occurred in later half of 19th century; Japan went under big changes during this era; began industrialization in Japan
industrialization - Japan sent people to study Western nations to learn new ways of industrializing
nationalization - a feeling that one should stay loyal to one's country and not its leaders
constitution - (1854) based on the German constitution
diet - a bicameral legislature in Japan; consists of House of Representatives (lower) and House of Councillors (upper)
zaibatsu - families that controlled banking
Russo-Japanese War - (1904) a war between the Japanese and Russians held at Manchuria. caused by Russia and Japan's want to expand their empires
annexation of Korea - (1910-1945) the Japanese tried to eliminate Korean existence during this period. they taught Japanese in schools instead of Korean

World War I

How did it start?

When the news of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria's trip to Sarajevo was announced, Serbian revolutionaries were outraged. A young Serbian peasant named Gavrilo Princip joined the terrorist group called the Black Hand. Seven members of the Black Hand were at the trail with instructions to kill Franz Ferdinand. When Gavrilo Princip noticed that Franz Ferdinand's driver's car's gears shut off, he took his chance and shot Franz and his wife Sophie. They both died on June 28th, 1914. On July 23rd, Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum, or harsh set of demands, to Serbia. These demands mostly tried to get rid of Anti Austria-Hungary opposition. On July 25th, Serbia refused some of these demands. As a result, Russia gave Serbia support. On July 26th, Russia asked Germany to ask Austria-Hungary to lower its response to Serbia. Germany issued a blank check to Austria-Hungary. Since Serbia failed to comply to the July ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28th, 1914. On July 30th Russia asked France for help, and France issued a blank check to Russia. From there Russia began mobilization of its army. On August 1st, Germany declared war on Russia. On August 3rd, Germany declared war on France. Germany also invaded Belgium. On August 4th, Britain declared war on Germany.

Russian Revolution

collective farms - farms compiled from farms of individuals to produce one big farm with modern equipment owned by the government
Great Purge - the police and terror part of Stalin's rule
NEP (New Economic Policy) - a policy that Lenin issued, it included a little bit of capitalism (peasants could keep or sell surplus crops); Lenin said it was one step back to go to two steps ahead; government would only control large business but not small ones
5 year plans - set impossible quotas for Russia's economy at a harsh human cost; never was achieved
Karl Marx - influenced Lenin's ideology
Comintern (Communist International) - a communist group founded in Moscow
gulags - Russian labor camps
War Communism - aimed to keep the Red Army with enough supplies2
Cheka - the secret police working for communist Russia
Red Guard - armed groups of workers
soviets - councils of workers
Nicholas II - czar who abdicated after March Revolution
whites - loyalists to the czar
Rasputin - believed to be a "mad monk," czarina Alexandra believed god sent him to save Russia
Duma - parliament of Russia
Trotsky - led the Red Army in civil war
Lenin - leader of the Bolsheviks, had some Marxist thought
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - a treaty that stopped Russia's involvement in World War I
"Peace, Land, and Bread" - a slogan during the Russian Revolution
Stalin - totalitarian leader who tried to greatly improve Russia's economy
Bloody Sunday (1905) - a march against the czar in St. Petersburg at the winter palace, many were shot, Father Gapon led it
bolsheviks - followers of Lenin's plan for a communist revolution
"All power to the Soviets" - slogan during Russian revolution
redemption payments - annual payments that peasants made to the government
totalitarianism - a form of government in which the leader controls every aspect of public and private life
autocracy - the form of government in Russia before the Bolshevik Revolution
reds - followers of Lenin's beliefs
Communist Party - formerly Bolsheviks, name was changed after the Bolshevik/October Revolution
USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
atheism - under Stalin's rule, this is what was taught

Rise of Dictators in the 1930s

dadaism - a form of "anti-art"; went against everything in classical art
surrealism - a type of art that used surprise and unexpected juxtapositions
Lost Generation - generation of people after World War I
Weimar Republic - Germany's form of government before Hitler's rule
Flappers - young women who wore short skirts, put on a lot of makeup, and listened to jazz
Popular Front
New Deal - Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan for building the United States up after the Great Depression
stock market crash - triggered the Great Depression
Great Depression - caused people to lose faith in the ability of western democracies to solve problems
Franklin D. Roosevelt - president of the during
Hitler - Nazi dictator who defied the Treaty of Versailles
Mussolini - leader of Fascist Italy; teamed up with Hitler
Il Duce - Mussolini's title during his rule
Nazism - Hitler formulated it; encouraged racism and Hitler's view
Mein Kampf - written by Hitler; a book of Nazism; said Germans were superior
lebensraum - "living space", a phrase for the expansion of Germany to take Austria and Czechoslovakia
Führer - Hitler's title during his rule
anti-Semitism - racism against Jews
Guernica - Nazi Germans attacked this Spanish city
(Hitler's) Third Reich
cubism - a type of art that broke down objects into simpler shapes; Picasso was a famous cubist artist
spirit of Locarno - symbolized banishment of war
Kellogg-Briand Pact - further banished war after treaties at Locarno, Switzerland
swastika - Nazis adopted this as their symbol
kristallnacht - a Nazi rampage against German Jews
black shirts
brown shirts - "stormtroopers"; helped Hitler gain power
King Emmanuel
Hindenburg
Franco - a cautious Spanish dictator who battled in the Spanish Civil War; ruled until his death
Second Spanish Republic
Lincoln Brigade
Nuremburg laws
Maginot Line - provided a false sense of security to France
fascism - militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader

Upheavals in China and Japan

Sun Yixian
Jiang Jieshi - leader of Chinese nationalists
Chinese Republic
May 4th Movement
Nationalists - supported republic of China (aka Taiwan)
Communists - supported people's republic of China
Mao Zedong - leader of Chinese communists
Long March
Japanese Invasion
21 Demands
Rape of Nanjing

Japan

1920's Liberalization
Militarists
Manchuria/Manzhouguo
Hirohito - emperor of Japan from
Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere

Between the Wars in Europe

See rise of dictators in the 1930s

World War II

Spanish Civil War
sanctions
appeasement
pacifism
Axis Powers
Guernica
Austrian Anschluss
Munich Pact
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
blitzkrieg - German word for lightning war
Dunkirk
London Blitz/Battle of Britain
Operation Barbarossa
Atlantic Charter
Lend-lease
Pearl Harbor
El Alamein
Stalingrad
D-Day
Holocaust
kamikaze - Japanese suicide crashing technique
Battle of the Coral Sea
Midway
Battle of the Bulge
VE Day
Hiroshima
VJ Day
Nuremburg Trials - tried to punish leaders of the holocaust to ensure responsibility of leaders
FDR
Churchill
de Gaulle
Stalin
Marshall
Eisenhower
MacArthur
Nimitz
Rommel

Cold War

Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
Iron Curtain - symbolized division between communism and democracy in Europe
Containment
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift
NATO
arms race
Sputnik
Khrushchev
Warsaw Pact
United Nations
nonaligned nations
Greek Crisis
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
brinkmanship - policy of being on the edge of war
Imre Nagy
Hungarian Crisis
Brezhnev
Prague Spring
Alexander Dubček
Fidel Castro
Cuban Revolution
Bay of Pigs
JFK/Cuban Missile Crisis
Korean War
domino theory
Vietnam War
Reagan
Strategic Defense Initiative
Berlin Wall
Lech Walesa/Solidarity

Modern World

China

Mao
Great Leap forward - Mao Zedong's "great leap backward", emphasized non-industralized practices
Cultural Revolution
Four Modernizations
Deng Xioping
Tiananmen Square
Hu Jintao

Africa

Negritude movement

Kenya

Jomo Kenyatta
1963 Independence
Rwandan genocide

South Africa

apartheid
FW de Klerk
Mandela
ANC

Mideast

Israel
Zionists
Balfour declaration
1948 Independence
1956 crisis
1967 War
1973 War
Anwar Sadat
Camp David Accords
Palestinians
Menachem Begin
Yasir Arafat
Global Economic Development
developed nations
emerging nations
globalization

Terrorism

cyberterrorism
narcoterrorism

World Leaders (2008)

Felipe Calderon - Mexico
Nikolas Sarkozy - France
Yasuo Fukuda - Japan
Kevin Rudd - Australia
Hu Jintao - China
Steven Harper - Canada
Angela Merkel - Germany
Ban Ki Moon - UN Secretary General
Gordon Brown - United Kingdom
Thabo Mbeki - South Africa
Vladimir Putin - (old) Russia
Dmitry Medvedev - Russia
Kim Jong-Il - North Korea
Nouri al-Maliki - Iraq
Hamed Karzai - Afghanistan
Manmohan Singh - India
Mahmoud Ahmedinejad - Iran
Altaf Hussain - Pakistan
Ehud Olmert - Israel
Sylvio Berlusconi - Italy