WikiJournal of Science/Grainyhead-like Genes in Regulating Development and Genetic Defects/XML

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    <full_title>WikiJournal of Science/Grainyhead-like Genes in Regulating Development and Genetic Defects</full_title>
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     <title>Grainyhead-like Genes in Regulating Development and Genetic Defects</title>
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    <publication_date media_type='online'>     
     <year>2020</year>
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     <doi>10.15347/wjs/2020.002</doi>     
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This is an open access article distributed under the&nbsp;[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution License], which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
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The Grainyhead-like genes are a family of highly conserved transcription factors that are functionally and structurally homologous across a large number of vertebrate and invertebrate species. For an estimated 100 million years or more, this genetic family has been evolving alongside life to fine tune the regulation of epithelial barrier integrity during development, fine-tuning epithelial barrier establishment, maintenance and subsequent homeostasis. The three main orthologues, Grainyhead-like 1, 2 and 3, regulate numerous genetic pathways within different organisms and perform analogous roles between them, ranging from neural tube closure, wound healing, establishment of the craniofacial skeleton and repair of the epithelium. When Grainyhead-like genes are impaired, due to genetic mutations in embryogenesis, it will cause the organism to present with developmental defects that largely affect ectodermal (and sometimes also endodermal) tissues in which they are expressed. These subsequent congenital disorders, including cleft lip and exencephaly, vary greatly in their severity and impact on the quality of life for the affected individual. There is so much more to learn about the function of these genes and the more complex roles of Grainyhead-like genes are yet to be discovered.
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Comparison of WT (a, c) and Grhl3 KO (b, d) mice embryos at 18.5 days poss fertilization. It shows that Grhl3 KO mice have a shortened and flattened skull that is smaller in size overall, with a lack of vascularisation at the sutures. a-b are shown from a lateral view while c-d are shown from a dorsal view.^[1]

Stephen Goldie, et al, CC BY

↑ Goldie, Stephen J.; Arhatari, Benedicta D.; Anderson, Peter; Auden, Alana; Partridge, Darren D.; Jane, Stephen M.; Dworkin, Sebastian (2016-10-18). "Mice lacking the conserved transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (Grhl3) display increased apposition of the frontal and parietal bones during embryonic development". BMC Developmental Biology 16 (1). doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0136-7. ISSN 1471-213X. PMID 27756203. PMC PMC5070091. http://bmcdevbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12861-016-0136-7.

[:15-1] Goldie, Stephen J.; Arhatari, Benedicta D.; Anderson, Peter; Auden, Alana; Partridge, Darren D.; Jane, Stephen M.; Dworkin, Sebastian (2016-10-18). "Mice lacking the conserved transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (Grhl3) display increased apposition of the frontal and parietal bones during embryonic development". BMC Developmental Biology 16 (1). doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0136-7. ISSN 1471-213X. PMID 27756203. PMC PMC5070091. http://bmcdevbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12861-016-0136-7.

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