University of Florida/Egm6341/s10.Team2/HW3

Problem 1: Proof of tighter error bound for Simpsons Rule (Simple)

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Problem Statement

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-Pg. 17-1


  • Derive the tighter error bound of the simple Simpson's rule on pg.14-2 for the following two cases by changing the function:

 

 

Point out where the proof breaks down.

  •   Find if   and follow the same steps as in the proof to see what happens.

Problem Solution

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Derivation of Tighter Error Bound of Simple Simpson's Rule
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Shift origin of x axis to point at  

 


 

 

Therefore,  

 

 

By Definition:  

  •  

 

 

 

Proof breaks down here. Neglects to properly integrate  

  •  

 

 

 

Proof breaks down here. Neglects to properly integrate  

Solution of Tighter Error Bound Function at t=0
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Solution for problem 1:Egm6341.s10.team2.patodon 10:05, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Proofread problem 1:

Problem 2: Composite Simpsons Rule Error

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Problem Statement

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Pg. 17-2 Show that the error of the Composite Simpson's Rule is:

 

where   is the maximum of  

Problem Solution

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The error for the Simpson's Composite rule, can be expressed as follows:

 


This error can be rewritten as follows:

 


This can be expressed by using the Composite Simpson's rule and dividing the interval 'a' to 'b' into smaller intervals, the error can be expressed as follows:

 


In this manner the error for simple Simpson's rule can be used to describe the error as follows:

 


 


Using this expression the error can then be expressed as follows:

 

 


Solution for problem 2: Guillermo Varela

Proofread problem 2: Srikanth Madala 05:22, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Problem 3: Using Error Analysis to find n for Taylor Series, Composite trapezoidal rule and Composite Simpon's rule such that error is of the order of (10^-6)

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Problem Statement

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Pg. 17-2

See also HW1-problem 8HW1-problem8

  1. Using the error estimates of Taylor Series ,Composite Trapezoidal rule and Composite Simpson's rule estimate   such that   and compare against numerical results of HW1.
  2. Numerically find the power of the step size h in the error i.e Plot the error vs h on semilog and fit a straight line and measure the slope.

Note: This problem is a logical continuation of problem 8 in HW1. In HW1 it was attempted by iteration to find the value of n. In this problem it is done analytically.All numerical data can be found on the HW1 page linked above and also the corresponding MATLAB codes.

Problem Solution

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Solution: Taylor series
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Error is defined as

 


For the Taylor series, from the discussion on p6-4, we know that the error is nothing but the remainder of the Taylor series integrated over the given interval i.e

  where  

(1 p2-3)


For the given function the error is

 

(2)


Using the Integral Mean Value Theorem, we have

 

(3)


integrating we get,

 

(4)

This function has a minimum when   and maximum when   thus we have

 

(5)

Setting the upper bound of the error to   we have

 

(6)

Solving this equation for   we get

 

(A)

In the numerical analysis in problem 8 of HW1 it was seen that the Error for n = 8 was -3.848E-07
Solution:Composite Trapezoidal rule
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From the discussion on page 16-3 we have

 

(1)


where   for  

For the given function  , we have


 

(2)

Evaluating over the given interval it is seen that the function   has maximum value at  

 

(3)

Setting the error to the   and solving for   we get


 

(B)

In the numerical analysis the value of n =245 was found to be 5.872E-07
Solution :Composite Simpson's Rule
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We have from p 17-2, the error estimate of the Composite Simpson's rule as

 

(1)


where   for  

For the given function  , we have


 

(2)

Evaluating over the given interval it is seen that the function   has maximum value at  

 

(3)

Setting the error to the   and solving for   we get


 

(c)

In the numerical analysis the error for n= 4 was 6.717E-06


Part 2:Numerical determination of power of h

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In order to verify the power of   in the error, data from Problem 8 of HW1 is used.

In the case of a Semilog plot [log(y) vs x], a straight line has an equation of the form

 

such that  .From the above equation it is seen that if the plot on a semilog graph is a straight line then the relationship between the two variables is exponential.


A log-log plot(log(y) vs log(x)) is a similar plot, for which the equation is of the form


  


such that,  .It is readily seen that the slope of the line in the log-log graph is the power of the x variable.

Further reference on the theory of semilog and log plots and methods to fit curves is given below:

  1. Semilog plot [[[w:Semi-log_graph]]]
  2. Log-Log plot [[[w:Log-log_graph]]]
  3. Methods of fitting curves in MATLAB for power and exponential series [[1]]

This discussion is used in the interpretation of the graphs given below.



Composite trapezoidal Rule

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Given below is the data from the numerical evaluation of the given function using Composite Trapezoidal Rule.[[[Egm6341.s10.Team2/HW1#Solution_1]]]

Composite Trapezoidal Rule

No. of terms  

Absolute Error  

 

2

1.3282917278

0.5

4

1.3205046195

0.25

8

1.3185530869

0.125

16

1.3180649052

0.0625

32

1.3179428411

0.03125

64

1.3179123240

0.015625

128

1.3179046946

0.0078125

256

1.3179027872

0.00390625

512

1.3179023104

0.001953125

1024

1.3179021912

0.000976563

First we plot a semilog graph for the data. The graph is shown below:


 


The graph is not a straight line which implies that the relationship between   and   is not exponential. Hence we plot a log-log graph as below:


 


This is seen to be linear. A straight line if fitted to the data the equation of which is given above. From the discussion above, we see that the slope of line is 2.1447 which is very close to the analytical value of 2.

Composite Simpson's Rule

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Given below is the data obtained from HW1 for the Composite Simpsons Rule.[[[Egm6341.s10.Team2/HW1#Solution_1]]]

Composite Simpson's Rule

No. of terms  

Absolute Error  

 


2

1.318008666

0.5

4

1.317908917

0.25

8

1.317902576

0.125

16

1.317902178

0.0625

Plotting a semilog graph of   against   we see that it is non-linear as in the case of the Composite Trapezoidal Rule.


 


Thus, plotting the log-log graph as below,


 

we see that the slope of the line is 4.0881 which is very close to the analytically determined value of 4.

Taylor Series

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Given below is the data for the Taylor series method.  can be defined for the taylor series as   but since   is not used explicitly in the Taylor series method,it might be of interest to observe how error depends on  ,the number of terms of the series. Given below are the plots.Semilog plots and log-log plots can be made of error vs h much like the ones given above, but no linearity is shown in both.


Taylor Series

No. of terms  

Absolute Error  

 

2

1.2500000

0.5

4

1.3159722222

0.25


8

1.3179018152

0.125

16

1.3179021515

0.0625

32

1.3179021515

0.03125


 

From this plot it is clearly seen that minimizing the error does not require an infinite series.The error curve is asymptotic and it can be seen that 8 terms gives a very low error.

 


Solution for problem 3: Niki Nachapa

Proofread problem 3: Guillermo Varela

Problem 4: Illustrations and comparisons of composite Trapezoidal and composite Simpson's rules

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Problem Statement

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Pg. 17-3 and 18-1

a] Replicate the table 5.1, page 255, Atkinson text book using the composite Trapezoidal rule .

 

b] Replicate the table 5.3, page 258, Atkinson text book using the composite Simpson's rule .

 

c] Replicate the table 5.4, page 261, Atkinson text book

 

d] Replicate the table 5.5, page 262, Atkinson text book

 

e] Replicate the table 5.6, page 262, Atkinson text book

 

f] Replicate the table 5.7, page 263, Atkinson text book

 

Problem Solution

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Solution for Part (a):
Here our given Integral is:   where   is the integrand and  . We use composite Trapezoidal rule to obtain the following tabulated results:

Trapezoidal rule for evaluating a function- Table 5.1, Atkinson text pg.255


n-value

Numerical Integral (In)

True Error (En)

Ratio of successive errors (R)

Corrected Error (En2)


2 -1738925933/100000000 531891301/100000000 62046637/12500000


4 266720457/20000000 126567653/100000000 4.2 62046637/50000000


8 -1238216243/100000000 31181611/100000000 4.06 31023319/100000000


16 -121480041/10000000 3882889/50000000 4.02 775583/10000000


32 -302243553/25000000 96979/5000000 4.00 1938957/100000000


64 -120751941/10000000 242389/50000000 4.00 484739/100000000


128 -1207155819/100000000 121187/100000000 4.00 24237/20000000


256 -37720779/3125000 3787/12500000 4.00 3787/12500000


512 -603521103/50000000 3787/50000000 4.00 3787/50000000



MATLAB Code:

%Code for evaluating the numerical integrals- 'In' for n=2,4,8,...512, Error values- 'En', Corrected Error Values- 'En2' and ratio of successive errors- 'R' %
syms x;
f=(exp(x)*cos(x));
g=diff(f);
F0=(exp(0)*cos(0));
Fpi=(exp(pi)*cos(pi));
for i=1:1:9
    n(i)=2^i;
    for k=1:(n(i)+1)
        X(k)=((k-1)*(pi/n(i)));
        F=(exp(X).*cos(X));
        G=sum(F);
        In(i)=((pi/n(i))*(sum(F)-(0.5*(F0+Fpi))));
    end
    I(i)=int(f,0,pi);
    En(i)=I(i)-In(i);
    En2(i)=-((((pi/n(i))^2)/12)*(subs(g,x,pi)-subs(g,x,0)));
end
round(En*100000000)/100000000;
round(En2*100000000)/100000000;
for i=1:1:8
R(i)=En(i).*(1/En(i+1));
end





Solution for Part (b):
Here our given Integral is:   where   is the integrand and  . We use composite Simpson's rule to obtain the following tabulated results:

Simpson's rule for evaluating a function- Table 5.3, Atkinson text pg.258

n-value

Numerical Integral (In)

True Error (En)

Ratio of successive errors (R)

Corrected Error (En2)

2 -407886780413711/35184372088832 -477506763/1000000000 -7354387343260823/4503599627370496
4 -6746923677694755/562949953421312 -427011483/5000000000 55913/10000 -7354387342810463/720575940379
8 -1697886467632563/140737488355328 -7671699/1250000000 8697/625 -3677193678610991/576460752303423488
16 -1698694633809107/140737488355328 -3949931/10000000000 155379/10000 -7354386665469079/18446744073709551616
32 -849373362683185/70368744177664 -248603/10000000000 31777/2000 -3677188721048521/147573952589676412928
64 -6795000020382587/562949953421312 -3113/2000000000 39931/2500 -7354613560421185/4722366482869645213696
128 -3397500420910727/281474976710656 -973/10000000000 159931/10000 -918972517566433/9444732965739290427392


MATLAB Code:

%Code for evaluating the numerical integrals for n=2,4,8,...128, Error values 'Enr', Corrected Error Values 'En2r' and ratio of successive errors- 'Rr' %
clc;
clear;
syms x;
f=(exp(x)*cos(x));
g=diff(f,3);
F0=(exp(0)*cos(0));
Fpi=(exp(pi)*cos(pi));
for i=1:1:9
    n(i)=2^i;
    for k=1:(n(i)+1)
        X(k)=((k-1)*(pi/n(i)));
        F=(exp(X).*cos(X));
        G=sum(F);
    if (mod(k,2)==0)
    O(k)=F(k);
    E(k)=0;
    else
    O(k)=0;
    E(k)=F(k);
    end
    end
    In(i)=((pi/(3*n(i)))*((4*sum(O))+(2*sum(E))-(F0+Fpi)));
    I(i)=int(f,0,pi);
    En(i)=I(i)-In(i);
    En2(i)=-((((pi/n(i))^4)/180)*(subs(g,x,pi)-subs(g,x,0)));
end
Enr=round(En*10000000000)/10000000000;
En2r=round(En2*10000000000)/10000000000;
for i=1:1:8
R(i)=En(i).*(1/En(i+1));
end
Rr=round(R*10000)/10000;




Solution for Part (c):
Here our given Integral is:  

where   is the integrand and  . We use both composite Trapezoidal and Simpson's rules to obtain the following tabulated results: 


Trapezoidal and Simpson's rule for evaluating a function- Table 5.4, Atkinson text pg.261

n-value

Trapezoidal rule True Error (En)

Trapezoidal rule Ratio of successive errors (Rr)

Simpson's rule True Error (En)

Simpson's rule Ratio of successive errors (Rr)

2 -0.0720 3.9618 -0.0034 14.5578
4 -0.0182 3.9898 -0.0002 15.0027
8 -0.0046 3.9973 -1543/100000000 15.3142
16 -0.0011 3.9993 -2519/2500000000 15.5267
32 -0.0003 3.9998 -649/10000000000 15.6715
64 -0.0001 4.0000 -41/10000000000 15.7709
128 -0.000003 4.0000 -3/10000000000 15.8396


MATLAB Code:

%Code for Composite Trapezoidal rule for n=2,4,8,...128 to evaluate Error values: 'Enr' and ratio of successive errors- 'Rr' %
clc;
clear;
syms x;
f=((x^3)*sqrt(x));
g=diff(f);
F0=((0^3)*sqrt(0));
F1=((1^3)*sqrt(1));
for i=1:1:9
    n(i)=2^i;
    for k=1:(n(i)+1)
        X(k)=((k-1)*(1/n(i)));
        F(k)=((X(k))^(3.5));
        G=sum(F);
        In(i)=((1/n(i))*(sum(F)-(0.5*(F0+F1))));
    end
    I(i)=int(f,0,1);
    En(i)=I(i)-In(i);
    En2(i)=-((((1/n(i))^2)/12)*(subs(g,x,1)-subs(g,x,0)));
end
Inr=round(In*10000000000)/10000000000;
Enr=round(En*10000000000)/10000000000;
En2r=round(En2*10000000000)/10000000000;
for i=1:1:8
R(i)=En(i).*(1/En(i+1));
end
Rr=round(R*10000)/10000;



%Code for Composite Simpson's rule for n=2,4,8,...128 to evaluate Error values: 'Enr' and ratio of successive errors: 'Rr' %
clc;
clear;
syms x;
f=((x^3)*sqrt(x));
g=diff(f,3);
F0=((0^3)*sqrt(0));
F1=((1^3)*sqrt(1));
for i=1:1:9
    n(i)=2^i;
    for k=1:(n(i)+1)
        X(k)=((k-1)*(1/n(i)));
        F(k)=((X(k))^(3.5));
        G=sum(F);
    if (mod(k,2)==0)
    O(k)=F(k);
    E(k)=0;
    else
    O(k)=0;
    E(k)=F(k);
    end
    end
    In(i)=((1/(3*n(i)))*((4*sum(O))+(2*sum(E))-(F0+F1)));
    I(i)=int(f,0,1);
    En(i)=I(i)-In(i);
    En2(i)=-((((1/n(i))^4)/180)*(subs(g,x,1)-subs(g,x,0)));
end
Inr=round(In*10000000000)/10000000000;
Enr=round(En*10000000000)/10000000000;
En2r=round(En2*10000000000)/10000000000;
for i=1:1:8
R(i)=En(i).*(1/En(i+1));
end
Rr=round(R*10000)/10000;





Solution for Part (d):
Here our given Integral is:  

where   is the integrand and  . We use both composite Trapezoidal and Simpson's rules to obtain the following tabulated results: 
Trapezoidal and Simpson's rule for evaluating a function- Table 5.5, Atkinson text pg.262

n-value

Trapezoidal rule True Error (En)

Trapezoidal rule Ratio of successive errors (Rr)

Simpson's rule True Error (En)

Simpson's rule Ratio of successive errors (Rr)

2 1731114401/10000000000 2.4348 -1426645891/5000000000 -7.6920
4 710986397/10000000000 9.4851 370943729/10000000000 -2.7066
8 37479089/5000000000 3.8373 -34262807/2500000000 -129.3779
16 19534027/10000000000 3.9934 1059309/10000000000 98.0853
32 4891607/10000000000 3.9983 27/25000000 16.0159
64 1223407/10000000000 3.9996 337/5000000000 15.9909
128 305883/10000000000 3.9999 21/5000000000 15.9978


MATLAB Code:

%Code for Composite Trapezoidal rule for n=2,4,8,...128 to evaluate Error values: 'Enr' and ratio of successive errors- 'Rr' %
clc;
clear;
syms x;
f=(1/(1+((x-pi)^2)));
g=diff(f);
F0=(1/(1+((0-pi)^2)));
F5=(1/(1+((5-pi)^2)));
for i=1:1:9
    n(i)=2^i;
    for k=1:(n(i)+1)
        X(k)=((k-1)*(5/n(i)));
        F(k)=(1/(1+((X(k)-pi)^2)));
        G=sum(F);
    end
    In(i)=((5/n(i))*(sum(F)-(0.5*(F0+F5))));
    I(i)=int(f,0,5);
    En(i)=I(i)-In(i);
    En2(i)=-((((5/n(i))^2)/12)*(subs(g,x,5)-subs(g,x,0)));
end
Inr=round(In*10000000000)/10000000000;
Enr=round(En*10000000000)/10000000000;
En2r=round(En2*10000000000)/10000000000;
for i=1:1:8
R(i)=En(i).*(1/En(i+1));
end
Rr=round(R*10000)/10000;



%Code for Composite Simpson's rule for n=2,4,8,...128 to evaluate Error values: 'Enr' and ratio of successive errors: 'Rr' %
clc;
clear;
syms x;
f=(1/(1+((x-pi)^2)));
g=diff(f,3);
F0=(1/(1+((0-pi)^2)));
F5=(1/(1+((5-pi)^2)));
for i=1:1:9
    n(i)=2^i;
    for k=1:(n(i)+1)
        X(k)=((k-1)*(5/n(i)));
        F(k)=(1/(1+((X(k)-pi)^2)));
        G=sum(F);
    if (mod(k,2)==0)
    O(k)=F(k);
    E(k)=0;
    else
    O(k)=0;
    E(k)=F(k);
    end
    end
    In(i)=((5/(3*n(i)))*((4*sum(O))+(2*sum(E))-(F0+F5)));
    I(i)=int(f,0,5);
    En(i)=I(i)-In(i);
    En2(i)=-((((5/n(i))^4)/180)*(subs(g,x,5)-subs(g,x,0)));
end
Inr=round(In*10000000000)/10000000000;
Enr=round(En*10000000000)/10000000000;
En2r=round(En2*10000000000)/10000000000;
for i=1:1:8
R(i)=En(i).*(1/En(i+1));
end
Rr=round(R*10000)/10000;





Solution for Part (e):
Here our given Integral is:  

where   is the integrand and  . We use both composite Trapezoidal and Simpson's rules to obtain the following tabulated results: 


Trapezoidal and Simpson's rule for evaluating a function- Table 5.6, Atkinson text pg.262

n-value

Trapezoidal rule True Error (En)

Trapezoidal rule Ratio of successive errors (Rr)

Simpson's rule True Error (En)

Simpson's rule Ratio of successive errors (Rr)

2 0.0631 2.6990 0.0286 2.8200
4 0.0234 2.7393 0.0101 2.8267
8 0.0085 2.7667 0.0036 2.8281
16 0.0031 2.7854 0.0013 2.8284
32 0.0011 2.7983 0.0004 2.8284
64 0.0004 2.8073 0.00015856 2.8284
128 0.0001 2.8136 0.000056 2.8284


MATLAB Code:

%Code for Composite Trapezoidal rule for n=2,4,8,...128 to evaluate Error values: 'Enr' and ratio of successive errors- 'Rr' %
clc;
clear;
syms x;
f=(x^0.5);
g=diff(f);
F0=(0^0.5);
F1=(1^0.5);
for i=1:1:9
    n(i)=2^i;
    for k=1:(n(i)+1)
        X(k)=((k-1)*(1/n(i)));
        F(k)=(X(k)^0.5);
        G=sum(F);
    end
    In(i)=((1/n(i))*(sum(F)-(0.5*(F0+F1))));
    I(i)=int(f,0,1);
    En(i)=I(i)-In(i);
end
Inr=round(In*10000000000)/10000000000;
Enr=round(En*10000000000)/10000000000;
for i=1:1:8
R(i)=En(i).*(1/En(i+1));
end
Rr=round(R*10000)/10000;


%Code for Composite Simpson's rule for n=2,4,8,...128 to evaluate Error values: 'Enr' and ratio of successive errors: 'Rr' %
clc;
clear;
syms x;
f=(x^0.5);
g=diff(f,3);
F0=(0^0.5);
F1=(1^0.5);
for i=1:1:9
    n(i)=2^i;
    for k=1:(n(i)+1)
        X(k)=((k-1)*(1/n(i)));
        F(k)=(X(k)^0.5);
        G=sum(F);
    if (mod(k,2)==0)
    O(k)=F(k);
    E(k)=0;
    else
    O(k)=0;
    E(k)=F(k);
    end
    end
    In(i)=((1/(3*n(i)))*((4*sum(O))+(2*sum(E))-(F0+F1)));
    I(i)=int(f,0,1);
    En(i)=I(i)-In(i);
end
Inr=round(In*10000000000)/10000000000;
Enr=round(En*10000000000)/10000000000;
for i=1:1:8
R(i)=En(i).*(1/En(i+1));
end
Rr=round(R*10000)/10000;




Solution for Part (f):
Here our given Integral is:  

where   is the integrand and  . We use both composite Trapezoidal and Simpson's rules to obtain the following tabulated results:
Trapezoidal and Simpson's rule for evaluating a function- Table 5.7, Atkinson text pg.263

n-value

Trapezoidal rule True Error (En)

Trapezoidal rule Ratio of successive errors (Rr)

Simpson's rule True Error (En)

Simpson's rule Ratio of successive errors (Rr)

2 -1.74053505146400 0.0051* E+04 0.72080057280000 0.0001* E+04
4 -0.03439691882200 2.7480* E+04 0.53431579210000 0.0047* E+04
8 -0.00000125170200 9.7455* E+04 0.01146397070000 2.7477* E+04
16 -0.00000000001300 0.0001* E+04 0.00000041720000 -3.2488* E+04
32 -0.00000000001300 0.0001* E+04 -0.00000000001300 0.0001* E+04
64 -0.00000000001300 0.0001* E+04 -0.00000000001300 0.0001* E+04
128 -0.00000000001300 0.0001* E+04 -0.00000000001300 0.0001* E+04

MATLAB Code:

%Code for Composite Trapezoidal rule for n=2,4,8,...128 to evaluate Error values: 'Enr' and ratio of successive errors- 'Rr' %
clc;
clear;
syms x;
f=exp(cos(x));
g=diff(f);
F0=exp(cos(0));
F2pi=exp(cos(2*pi));
for i=1:1:9
    n(i)=2^i;
    for k=1:(n(i)+1)
        X(k)=((k-1)*((2*pi)/n(i)));
        F(k)=exp(cos(X(k)));
        G=sum(F);
    end
    In(i)=(((2*pi)/n(i))*(sum(F)-(0.5*(F0+F2pi))));
    I(i)=7.954926521; %from Atkinson text pg.263%
    En(i)=I(i)-In(i);
end
Inr=round(In*10000000000)/10000000000;
Enr=round(En*10000000000)/10000000000;
for i=1:1:8
R(i)=En(i).*(1/En(i+1));
end
Rr=round(R*10000)/10000;


%Code for Composite Simpson's rule for n=2,4,8,...128 to evaluate Error values: 'Enr' and ratio of successive errors: 'Rr' %
clc;
clear;
syms x;
f=exp(cos(x));
g=diff(f,3);
F0=exp(cos(0));
F2pi=exp(cos(2*pi));
for i=1:1:9
    n(i)=2^i;
    for k=1:(n(i)+1)
        X(k)=((k-1)*((2*pi)/n(i)));
        F(k)=exp(cos(X(k)));
        G=sum(F);
    if (mod(k,2)==0)
    O(k)=F(k);
    E(k)=0;
    else
    O(k)=0;
    E(k)=F(k);
    end
    end
    In(i)=(((2*pi)/(3*n(i)))*((4*sum(O))+(2*sum(E))-(F0+F2pi)));
    I(i)=7.954926521; %from Atkinson text pg.263%
    En(i)=I(i)-In(i);
end
Inr=round(In*10000000000)/10000000000;
Enr=round(En*10000000000)/10000000000;
for i=1:1:8
R(i)=En(i).*(1/En(i+1));
end
Rr=round(R*10000)/10000;




Solution for problem 4: Srikanth Madala 05:22, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Proofread problem 4:

Problem 5: Romberg Table

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Problem Statement

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Pg. 19-2 (cont'd on Pg. 6-5)

a) Modify the code to make the computation of T(2^j) efficient;

b) Add Romber Table and compare with previous results.

Problem Solution

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a) Modified code

    function [I1,I2,T1] = trapzoid(f,a,b,n)
    h=(b-a)/n;
    x=linspace(a,b,n+1);
    fx=feval(f,x);
    I1=h*(fx(1)/2+sum(fx(2:1:n))+fx(n+1)/2);
    n=2*n;
    h=(b-a)/n;
    x=linspace(a,b,n+1);
    fx=feval(f,x);
    I2=I1/2+h*sum(fx(2:2:n));
    T1=(2^2*I2-I1)/(2^2-1);
    %call function
    %I1=To(4),I2=To(8), and T1=T1(4)
    format long
    [I1,I2,T1]=trapzoid(@(x) (exp(x)-1)./x,eps,1,4)

b) Romberg Table

 

Convergence is achieved much faster than the composite trapezoidal rule.


Solution for problem 5:

Proofread problem 5:

Contributing Authors

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Problem 1 Solution --Patrick O'Donoughue 10:07, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Problem 2 solution --Guillermo Varela 19:16, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Problem 3 solution --Niki Nachappa 15:31, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Problem 4 solution and proof-read problem 2 -- Srikanth Madala 05:22, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Problem 5 solution -- PENGXIANG JIANG 19:00, 17 February 2010 (UTC)