Talk:PlanetPhysics/Thermodynamics an Introduction and Definitions

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\htmladdnormallink{Thermodynamics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Thermodynamics.html} is the science of the flow of \htmladdnormallink{heat}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Heat.html}. It applies to macroscopic \htmladdnormallink{systems}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SimilarityAndAnalogousSystemsDynamicAdjointnessAndTopologicalEquivalence.html} in \htmladdnormallink{equilibrium}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermalEquilibrium.html} and how to go from one equilibrium state to another. It is entirely empirical and summed up into four laws and basic mathematics.

\htmladdnormallink{Zeroth law of thermodynamics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ZerothLawOfThermodynamics.html}: defines \htmladdnormallink{temperature}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/BoltzmannConstant.html} $T$

\htmladdnormallink{First law of thermodynamics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/FirstLawOfThermodynamics.html}: defines \htmladdnormallink{energy}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} $U$

Second law of Thermodynamics: defines \htmladdnormallink{entropy}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermodynamicLaws.html} $S$

\htmladdnormallink{Third Law of Thermodynamics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/BoltzmannConstant.html}: gives numerical value to entropy $S$

These laws are \textbf{UNIVERSALLY VALID} and \textbf{cannot} be circumvented.

Definitions used in Thermodynamics:

\begin{itemize} \item \textbf{System}: The part of the \htmladdnormallink{Universe}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/MultiVerses.html} that we choose to study \item \textbf{Surroundings}: The rest of the Universe \item \textbf{\htmladdnormallink{boundary}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/GenericityInOpenSystems.html}}: The surface dividing the System from the Surroundings \item \textbf{Homogeneous}: A single phase is in the system \item \textbf{Hetrogeneous}: Different phases are in the system \end{itemize}

Examples of systems:

\begin{itemize} \item A person \item Hot coffee in a thermos \item \htmladdnormallink{glass}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LongRangeCoupling.html} of ice water \item \htmladdnormallink{volume}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Volume.html} of 4 liters of air in a room \end{itemize}

whatever is left over is the surroundings. Between the system and the surroundings is the boundary.

Examples of boundaries:

\begin{itemize} \item Real like the outside of a person's skin \item The inner wall of the thermos \item An imaginary boundary surrounding the 4 liters of air \end{itemize}

Systems can be:

\begin{itemize} \item \textbf{Open}: \htmladdnormallink{mass}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} and Energy can transfer between the System and the Surroundings \item \textbf{Closed}: Energy can transfer between the System and the Surroundings, but not mass \item \textbf{Isolated}: Neither Mass nor Energy can transfer between the System and the Surroundings \end{itemize}

Describing Systems requires:

\begin{itemize} \item A few macroscopic properties: p, T, V, n, m, etc. \item Knowledge if System is Homogeneous or Hetrogeneous \item Knowledge if System is in Equilibrium State \item Knowledge of the number of components \end{itemize}

Two classes of Properties:

\begin{itemize} \item \textbf{Extensive}: Depend on the size of the system (n,m,V,...) \item \textbf{Intensive}: Independent of the size of the system (T, p, $\bar{V} = \frac{V}{n}$,...) \end{itemize}

A system is in \textbf{equilibrium} if the properties that describe the system, such as $P$, $T$, $V$, etc. do not change in time or space. A gas in a container needs to be the same $P$, $T$, $V$ to be in equilibrium.

\textbf{References}

This is a derivative \htmladdnormallink{work}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Work.html} from [1] a \htmladdnormallink{Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 work}{http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/}

[1] MIT OpenCourseWare, 5.60 \htmladdnormallink{Thermodynamics and Kinetics}{http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/5-60Spring-2008/CourseHome/index.htm}: Thermodynamics and Kinetics, Spring 2008

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