%%% This file is part of PlanetPhysics snapshot of 2011-09-01
%%% Primary Title: quantum `paradoxes'
%%% Primary Category Code: 00.
%%% Filename: QuantumParadoxes2.tex
%%% Version: 8
%%% Owner: bci1
%%% Author(s): bci1
%%% PlanetPhysics is released under the GNU Free Documentation License.
%%% You should have received a file called fdl.txt along with this file.
%%% If not, please write to gnu@gnu.org.
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\pagestyle{empty}
\setlength{\paperwidth}{8.5in}
\setlength{\paperheight}{11in}
\setlength{\topmargin}{0.00in}
\setlength{\headsep}{0.00in}
\setlength{\headheight}{0.00in}
\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.00in}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.00in}
\setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in}
\setlength{\textheight}{9.00in}
\setlength{\voffset}{0.00in}
\setlength{\hoffset}{0.00in}
\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.00in}
\setlength{\marginparsep}{0.00in}
\setlength{\parindent}{0.00in}
\setlength{\parskip}{0.15in}
\usepackage{html}
\begin{document}
\section{Quantum `Paradoxes'}
A \emph{paradox} is a statement which has either an apparent or a real self-inconsistency (such as ``A and non-A''), thus contradicting the logical principle of excluded third (`tertium non datur')
In the early stages of \htmladdnormallink{quantum theory}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuantumOperatorAlgebra5.html} development there were at least two suggested paradoxes, one reported by Schr\"odinger and the other reported by Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen. These \htmladdnormallink{quantum `paradoxes}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/EinsteinPodolskyRosenParadox.html}' are as follows:
1. The `Schr\"odinger cat paradox' in a thought (or `gedanken') experiment
that supposedly shows that a ``cat is neither alive nor dead'' but in a
superposition of the so-called `live' and `dead' states. A related version of this `paradox' is the two-slit experiment in which, for example, `an electron passes through two slits at the same time, thus interferring with itself and resulting in a diffraction pattern at the detector behind the two slits'; however, if the
electron \htmladdnormallink{position}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Position.html} is determined before reaching the two slits the diffraction pattern, of course, disappears, as only one electron possible state exists--that
which was already measured or observed.
The \htmladdnormallink{wave-particle duality}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/TransversalWave.html} proposed by Louis deBroglie, and readily accepted by \htmladdnormallink{Albert Einstein}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/AlbertEinstein.html}, is thought to remove this \htmladdnormallink{type}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} of quantum `paradox', although it simply shifts the argument to the \htmladdnormallink{quantum logic}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LQG2.html} realm where quantum micro-entitites such as an electron or any other \htmladdnormallink{quantum `particle}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuantumParticle.html}' can simultaneously
possess an associated \htmladdnormallink{wave}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant2.html} (or `character'); the existence of the associated wave of a quantum particle was later elaborated in \htmladdnormallink{quantum field theories}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SpaceTimeQuantizationInQuantumGravityTheories.html} (\htmladdnormallink{QFT}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/HotFusion.html})
in the form of `virtual photons' that mediate the electromagnetic interactions
between charged quantum particles such as electrons, protons, ions, etc.
2. The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (or \htmladdnormallink{EPR}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/FluorescenceCrossCorrelationSpectroscopy.html}) `paradox' is a thought experiment that reveals the non-local character of quantum theory, and was presented initially
as `proof that Quantum Mechanics' is incomplete, because quantum non-locality was proposed to contradict both Special and \htmladdnormallink{general relativity}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SR.html} theories.
\end{document}
