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\begin{document}
This is a contributed entry on Thermodynamics principles and/or laws; the latter are defined as those primary \htmladdnormallink{propositions}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Predicate.html} that are fundamental to the logical and mathematical development of \htmladdnormallink{Thermodynamics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Thermodynamics.html} in accord with all experimental findings in classical molecular physics. Thus, thermodynamics has its historical roots in studies of \htmladdnormallink{heat}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Heat.html} and Molecular Physics.
In particular, such thermodynamic laws impose essential constrains on the
{\em equations of state} and {\em state functions} that are employed to describe all closed thermodynamic \htmladdnormallink{systems}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/GenericityInOpenSystems.html}. However, the thermodynamic treatment of open systems is not yet a `closed book'. One also notes that such thermodynamic laws that hold for all closed systems may still be further derived from statistical mechanics.
\section{Principles of Thermodynamics}
\subsection{Basic Concepts}
{Thermodynamic systems}: Closed vs. Open systems.
\textbf{Thermodynamic Processes:}
Reversible vs. Irreversible := \htmladdnormallink{equilibrium}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermalEquilibrium.html} vs. Non-equilibrium
\subsection{The Zeroth Principle}
\subsubsection{Thermal Equilibrium definition. Temperature and Molecular Motions}
\htmladdnormallink{Temperature}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/BoltzmannConstant.html} is a \emph{measure} of the degree of molecular \htmladdnormallink{motion}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant2.html}: the higher the average \htmladdnormallink{magnitude}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/AbsoluteMagnitude.html} of \htmladdnormallink{velocities}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Velocity.html} in a system measured at equilibrium with the system, the higher the temperature is (the hotter the system is).
\textbf{\htmladdnormallink{absolute temperature scale}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/BoltzmannConstant.html}}
[More to come...]
\begin{remark}
Whereas absolute temperatures of molecular systems can only take on positive values, \htmladdnormallink{spin}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html} temperature--or spin-lattice temperature-- for example, may take on `negative' values as a result of spin population inversion through \htmladdnormallink{Polarization}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/FluorescenceCrossCorrelationSpectroscopy.html}, or cross-polarization.
Such cross-polarization processes might be thus utilized in designing and operating \htmladdnormallink{quantum `computers}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CategoriesOfQuantumAutomataAndQuantumComputers.html}' or quantum nano-robots.
\end{remark}
\subsection{The First Principle}
\textbf{Total \htmladdnormallink{energy}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} Conservation}
\subsection{The Second Principle}
During any thermodynamic process the entropy of a closed system always increases if the closed system is not at equilibrium (when the latter becomes constant), [or, equivalently, that perpetual motion machines are impossible].
\subsection{The Third Principle}
The entropy of any crystalline system tends to zero in the limit of absolute zero temperature.
\subsection{Discussion}
Suggested Fourth Principle: \emph{the Onsager reciprocity \htmladdnormallink{relations}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} for non-equilibrium, open systems}
\textbf{Remark:} Commonly, the four principles of reversible thermodynamics
are also known as "{\em the four thermodynamic laws}".
\end{document}
