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%%% Primary Title: Bose-Einstein condensation
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%%% Filename: BECondensation.tex
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\begin{document}
\section{Bose--Einstein Condensation (BEC)} is described as the process occurring only very close to absolute zero (for example, below 1 mK) in which a large fraction of a dilute gas of weakly interacting \htmladdnormallink{bosons}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html} confined in an external potential have a lowest quantum state (or states) in which their \htmladdnormallink{wave}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} \htmladdnormallink{functions}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} overlap; hence the name of Bose--Einstein condensate (BEC) attributed to such a \htmladdnormallink{system}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SimilarityAndAnalogousSystemsDynamicAdjointnessAndTopologicalEquivalence.html} of supercooled/ultracold, weakly interacting bosons with overlapping wave functions.
The original theoretical paper was published in 1925 in \emph{Zeitschrift fur
Physik} by Satyendra Nath Bose in the German translation of \htmladdnormallink{Albert Einstein}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/AlbertEinstein.html}, and followed in a few theoretical papers by Einstein himself.
Recently, there have been several experimental claims reported to have observed BECs in alkali metal gases at very low \htmladdnormallink{temperatures}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/BoltzmannConstant.html} (see the following selected bibliography).
For a \htmladdnormallink{general introduction to BECs}{http://planetphysics.org/?op=getobj&from=papers&id=111} there is also available a \htmladdnormallink{related paper in PDF format}{http://planetphysics.org/?op=getobj&from=papers&id=111}.
\subsection{Bose-Einstein condensation in the alkali gases}
A fundamental theoretical paper on this subject is: ``Bose-Einstein condensation in the alkali gases: Some fundamental concepts''
[Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 307 (2001)], by Anthony J. Leggett.
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{GMEHB2k2}
M. Greiner, O. Mandel, T. Esslinger, T. W. Hansch, I. Bloch (2002). ``Quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator in a gas of ultracold atoms''. Nature 415: 39--44.
\bibitem{JBAHRCDG2k3}
S. Jochim, M. Bartenstein, A. Altmeyer, G. Hendl, S. Riedl, C. Chin, J. Hecker Denschlag, and R. Grimm (2003). "Bose--Einstein Condensation of Molecules". Science 302: 2101--2103.
\bibitem{GRJ2k3}
Markus Greiner, Cindy A. Regal and Deborah S. Jin (2003). ``Emergence of a molecular Bose--Einstein condensate from a Fermi gas''. Nature 426: 537--540.
\bibitem{ZSSRGHK2k3}
M. W. Zwierlein, C. A. Stan, C. H. Schunck, S. M. F. Raupach, S. Gupta, Z. Hadzibabic, and W. Ketterle (2003). ``Observation of Bose--Einstein Condensation of Molecules''. Physical Review Letters 91: 250401.
\bibitem{RGJ2k4}
C. A. Regal, M. Greiner, and D. S. Jin (2004). ``Observation of Resonance Condensation of Fermionic Atom Pairs''. Physical Review Letters 92: 040403.
\bibitem{AJL2k3}
Anthony J. Leggett (Nobel Laureate in Physics in 2004). Erratum: Bose--Einstein condensation in the alkali gases: Some fundamental concepts [Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 307 (2001)]. Published 20 August 2003.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
