Stars/Sun/X-ray sources/Quiz

Sun as an X-ray source is a lecture and an article about the X-ray astronomy of the Sun. It is part of the radiation astronomy department course on the X-ray astronomy.

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1 Quiz
2 Hypotheses
3 See also
4 External links

Quiz

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1 Which of the following is not a prominent feature associated with solar clouds?

	coronal mass ejections
	magnetic clouds
	rotation
	coronal clouds
	plasma
	magnetic field lines

2 True or False, Naked sunspots seen in Hα which are devoid of plage are never associated with coronal holes.

	TRUE
	FALSE

3 Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun?

	ultraviolet emission
	X-ray emission
	gamma-ray emission
	neutron emission
	⁷Be emission
	meteor emission

4 During the late 1600s the sunspot cycle lost its usual intensity and became what?

5 Which of the following is not a characteristic of solar active regions?

	lithium
	nucleosynthesis
	coronal clouds
	spot central meridian passage
	a surface coverage of at least 95%.

6 Complete the text:

The photosphere of the Sun has an effective temperature of

yet its corona has an average temperature of

. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct

from the photosphere.

7 Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun?

	a core which emits neutrinos
	a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes
	gravity
	the barycenter for the solar system
	polar coronal holes
	coronal clouds
	its position
	temperatures at or above 1 MK

8 The darker regions in X-rays at the North and South poles of the Sun are coronal holes, where the magnetic field lines are?

9 Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun?

	a chromosphere which emits neutrinos
	coronal loops that are particle accelerator-like
	synchrotron radiation
	a photosphere
	a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum
	a polar temperature inside two radii of 1 MK
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

10 In general there is no proper motion at all in the plage or the surrounding?

11 Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with stellar surface fusion?

	luminosities below ~3 x 10³⁸ erg/s
	a few SSS with luminosities ≥10³⁹ erg/s
	synchrotron radiation
	a photosphere
	a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

12 Yes or No, "Some prominences break apart and give rise to coronal mass ejections."

	Yes
	No

13 Which of the following are theoretical X-ray astronomy phenomena associated with astrophysics?

	a thermal plasma mechanism
	idea of a close binary
	synchrotron radiation
	high-density wind extinction
	a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

14 Complete the text:

"When a prominence is viewed from a different perspective so that it is against the

instead of against space, it appears

than the surrounding

15 Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena associated with an entity?

	a thermal plasma mechanism
	a close binary
	synchrotron radiation
	high-density wind extinction
	a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

16 Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena associated with an entity?

	discovers an X-ray source in Scorpius
	a control group
	synchrotron radiation
	intergalactic medium
	a polar diameter
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

17 Which of the following are associated with X-radiation?

	spans three decades in wavelength
	spans three decades in frequency
	spans three decades in energy
	emitted by ²⁶Al
	coronal clouds
	60 keV electromagnetic radiation
	90 eV electromagnetic radiation
	visually dark source

18 Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with comets?

	lightning
	solar wind
	a sunward region
	a geocorona
	minerals high in magnesium
	solar X-rays
	diffuse X-ray background
	low-oxygen conditions

19 Complete the text:

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Hydrogen - H, or D

Helium - He

Lithium - Li

Beryllium - Be

Boron - B

Carbon - C

Nitrogen - N

Oxygen - O

Fluorine - F

Neon - Ne

consumed in chromosphere fusion to produce lithium and neutrinos

isotope fusion in the chromosphere producing neutrinos

fusion in the chromosphere producing the most neutrinos

a factor of ~200 below meteorite abundance in the Sun's photosphere

detected with X-rays on the Moon

an organic form detected in Allan Hills 84001 probably from Mars

detected marginally on Venus with Chandra

found in the X-ray spectra of comets

consumed to produce beryllium and neutrinos

a surface impurity on meteorites

20 Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with Jupiter?

	lightning
	aurora
	a geocorona
	minerals high in magnesium
	solar X-rays
	diffuse X-ray background
	a sunward region
	low-oxygen conditions

21 Complete the text:

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Sun - A

Mercury - B

Venus - C

Earth - D

Comets - E

Mars - F

Jupiter - G

Saturn - H

Auroral currents on the order of 10⁶ Amps

Fluorescent radiation from oxygen at ~130 km above the surface

Faint halo of X-rays extending out some 7,000 km

Solar wind lighting up with X-rays

Bright X-ray arcs at low energy

Major source of hard X-rays

X-ray emission concentrated near the equator

Low surface iron content in minerals

22 Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with the Sun?

	coronal cloud
	hot regions of 8–20 x 10⁶ K
	fluorescence of Jovian X-rays
	lightning
	X-rays from rings
	collisions with the Jovian wind
	soft X-ray emission
	hard X-ray emission

23 Which of the following sunspot phenomena are associated with the Maunder minimum?

	extensively long quiet Sun
	lowest ¹⁴C concentration from as far back as 1100 BP.
	a period of lower-than-average European temperatures
	a surface coverage of about 88%
	only about 50 sunspots during one 30-year period
	11-year cycles