Stars/Sun/Neutrinos/Lecture/Quiz

Solar neutrinos is a lecture from the radiation astronomy department on the neutrinos originating from the solar octant.

File:Neusun1 superk1.jpg

This "neutrino image" of the Sun is produced by using the Super-Kamiokande to detect the neutrinos from nuclear fusion coming from the Sun. Credit: R. Svoboda and K. Gordan (LSU).

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1 Quiz
2 Hypotheses
3 See also
4 External links

Quiz

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1 True or False, A dominant group associated with neutrino astronomy differs from a control group in that it rules the treatment of the control group.

	TRUE
	FALSE

2 Which of the following is not characteristic of a neutrino?

	neutrinos are affected by the weak nuclear force
	produced by a positron annihilating an electron
	a decay product of a neutron
	produced by the near surface fusion on the Sun
	may have a mass
	comes in mutable varieties

3 True or False, A control group may be used in neutrino astronomy to demonstrate no effect or a standard effect versus a novel effort applied to a treatment group.

	TRUE
	FALSE

4 Evidence that demonstrates that a model or idea in neutrino astronomy versus a control group is feasible is called a

5 True or False, The disparity between the atomic number of an atom and its atomic mass is explained by the existence of the neutrino.

	TRUE
	FALSE

6 Complete the text:

A short or

realization of a certain

or idea to

a treament's feasibility in neutrino astronomy is called a proof of

7 True or False, Pure neutrino astronomy involves no doing apart from itself.

	TRUE
	FALSE

8 Complete the text:

A proof-of-concept structure, including a control group, consists of

, procedures, findings, and

9 True or False, The purpose of a treatment group in neutrino astronomy is to describe natural processes or phenomena for the first time relative to a control group.

	TRUE
	FALSE

10 Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun?

	a core which emits neutrinos
	a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes
	gravity
	the barycenter for the solar system
	polar coronal holes
	coronal clouds
	its position

11 True or False, Neutrinos emanate from a neutron star because an atomic nucleus the size hypothesized for a neutron star is unstable and the neutrons decompose giving off neutrinos.

	TRUE
	FALSE

12 Which of the following is not in the history of neutrino astronomy?

	Enrico Fermi coined the term "neutrino"
	Wolfgang Pauli postulated the muon neutrino
	in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment, antineutrinos are created
	a hydrogen bubble chamber was used to detect neutrinos
	Niels Bohr was opposed to the neutrino interpretation of beta decay
	a neutrino hitting a proton is detectable

13 True or False, Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes pose a challenge to current theories of lightning, especially with the discovery of the clear signatures of neutrinos produced in lightning.

	TRUE
	FALSE

14 Sputnik I was involved in which of the following astronomies?

	red astronomy
	stellar astronomy
	neutrino astronomy
	radio astronomy
	neutron astronomy
	X-ray astronomy

15 True or False, The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is a 12-meter sphere filled with heavy water surrounded by light detectors located 2 km above the ground in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

	TRUE
	FALSE

16 Cheomseongdae was involved in which of the following astronomies?

	cosmic-ray astronomy
	infrared astronomy
	neutrino astronomy
	visual astronomy
	ultraviolet astronomy
	radio astronomy

17 Yes or No, The ANITA experiment is designed to study ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrinos using the Greenland ice sheet.

	Yes
	No

18 Which of the following are the differences between a star and an astronomical yellow source?

	a star may emit predominantly green rays
	an astronomical yellow source is spherical
	a yellow star is an astronomical yellow source
	a star with nuclear fusion in its chromosphere emits neutrinos, but a yellow source with no nuclear fusion ongoing does not
	a yellow source may be cloud like
	an astronomical yellow source may be a rocky object

19 Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Earth?

	a core which emits neutrinos
	a charged particle wind which emanates out the polar ionosphere holes
	gravity
	near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system
	the swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are most likely sediment in the water
	coronal clouds
	chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere

20 Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a laboratory on Earth?

	a core which emits neutrinos
	a charged particle wind which emanates out of a beam line
	gravity
	near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system
	swirls of tan, green, blue, and white in the water
	electric arcs
	chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere

21 Complete the text:

Some neutrinos originating from the Sun may be produced by the

reactions occurring in and above the

. Differentiating these coronal cloud-induced neutrinos from the neutrino background and those theorized to be produced within the

of the Sun may someday be possible with neutrino astronomy.

22 The MINOS experiment uses Fermilab's NuMI beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos, that travels 455 miles (732 km) through the Earth to the?

23 Which of the following are associated with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory?

	under ice
	the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
	Digital Optical Modules
	the counting house is on the surface above the array
	the baryon neutrino
	the electron neutrino

24 ANTARES is the name of a neutrino detector designed to be used as a directional Neutrino Telescope residing under the

25 Complete the text:

Match up the radiation letter with each of the detector possibilities below:

Meteors - A

Cosmic rays - B

Neutrons - C

Protons - D

Electrons - E

Positrons - F

Neutrinos - G

Muons - H

Gamma rays - I

X-rays - J

Ultraviolet rays - K

Optical rays - L

Visual rays - M

Violet rays - N

Blue rays - O

Cyan rays - P

Green rays - Q

Yellow rays - R

Orange rays - S

Red rays - T

Infrared rays - U

Submillimeter rays - V

Radio rays - W

Superluminal rays - X

multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs) photocathode materials

F547M

511 keV gamma-ray peak

F675W

broad-band filter centered at 404 nm

a cloud chamber

ring-imaging Cherenkov

coherers

effective area is larger by 10⁴

F588N

pyroelectrics

a blemish about 8,000 km long

a metal-mesh achromatic half-wave plate

coated with lithium fluoride over aluminum

thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals

F606W

aluminum nitride

heavy water

18 micrometers FWHM at 490 nm

wide-gap II-VI semiconductor ZnO doped with Co²⁺ (Zn_1-xCo_xO)

a recoiling nucleus

high-purity germanium

magnetic deflection to separate out incoming ions

2.2-kilogauss magnet used to sweep out electrons

26 The name of a neutrino detector residing 2.5 km under the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Toulon, France, is?

27 The name of a neutrino detector under the ice at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica is?

28 An argon-37 atom is converted by a neutrino by the charged current interaction from what atom?

29 A gallium detector design converts incoming neutrinos to what element?

30 Which of the following are characteristic of solar proton astronomy?

	the solar wind
	polar coronal holes
	protons originating from the photosphere
	the electron neutrino
	GOES 11
	neutrons

31 Neutrinos detected from the solar octant may be from nucleosynthesis within the coronal cloud in the near vicinity of the Sun or perhaps from nucleosynthesis occurring within what theoretical interior structure of the Sun?

32 Which of the following phenomena are associated with the core of the Sun?

	origin of the magnetic field
	the convection zone
	the tachocline
	solar neutrinos
	radiative zone
	gamma-rays

33 Which types of radiation astronomy directly observe the rocky-object surface of Venus?

	meteor astronomy
	cosmic-ray astronomy
	neutron astronomy
	proton astronomy
	beta-ray astronomy
	neutrino astronomy
	gamma-ray astronomy
	X-ray astronomy
	ultraviolet astronomy
	visual astronomy
	infrared astronomy
	submillimeter astronomy
	radio astronomy
	radar astronomy
	microwave astronomy
	superluminal astronomy

34 Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun?

	a core which emits neutrinos
	a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes
	gravity
	the barycenter for the solar system
	polar coronal holes
	coronal clouds
	its position
	temperatures at or above 1 MK

35 Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun?

	a chromosphere which emits neutrinos
	coronal loops that are particle accelerator-like
	synchrotron radiation
	a photosphere
	a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum
	a polar temperature inside two radii of 1 MK
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

36 Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Crab Nebula?

	a core which emits neutrinos
	low-energy X-rays detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory
	²⁶Al
	undetectable with balloon-borne detectors
	hard X-rays
	steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission
	observed with X-rays in 1731
	Taurus X-1

37 Complete the text:

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Hydrogen - H, or D

Helium - He

Lithium - Li

Beryllium - Be

Boron - B

Carbon - C

Nitrogen - N

Oxygen - O

Fluorine - F

Neon - Ne

consumed in chromosphere fusion to produce lithium and neutrinos

isotope fusion in the chromosphere producing neutrinos

fusion in the chromosphere producing the most neutrinos

a factor of ~200 below meteorite abundance in the Sun's photosphere

detected with X-rays on the Moon

an organic form detected in Allan Hills 84001 probably from Mars

detected marginally on Venus with Chandra

found in the X-ray spectra of comets

consumed to produce beryllium and neutrinos

a surface impurity on meteorites

38 Which of the following are characteristic of the first true astrophysical gamma-ray source?

	a strong 2.223 MeV emission line
	a solar flare
	the formation of deuterium
	the electron neutrino
	OSO-3
	neutrons

39 Which of the following are characteristic of solar green astronomy?

	limb faculae
	polar coronal holes
	black body temperature of the photosphere
	the electron neutrino
	iron (Fe XIV) green line
	neutrons

Hypotheses

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Main resource: Hypotheses

Even with the limited directionality of the neutrino data, it should be possible to decide between the solar core and the solar corona as the most likely source of neutrinos from the solar octant.