Partial differential equations/Separation of variables method

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Introduction

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We often consider partial differential equations such as

  ,

which is recognisable as the wave equation in three dimensions, with   being the Laplacian operator,   being some function of three spacial dimensions and time, and c being the speed of the wave.

These are often found by considering the physical connotations of a system, but how can we find a form of   such that the equation is true?

Finding General Solutions

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One way of doing this is to make the assumption that   itself is a product of several other functions, each of which is itself a function of only one variable. In the case of the wave equation shown above, we make the assumption that

 

(NB Remember that the upper case characters are functions of the variables denoted by their lower case counterparts, not the variables themselves)

By substituting this form of   into the original wave equation and using the three dimensional cartesian form of the Laplacian operator, we find that

 

We can then divide this equation through by   to produce the following equation:

 

Both sides of this equation must be equal for all values of x, y, z and t. This can only be true if both sides are equal to a constant, which can be chosen for convenience, and in this case is -(k2).

The time-dependent part of this equation now becomes an ordinary differential equation of form

 

This is easily soluble, with general solution

 

with A and B being arbitrary constants, which are defined by the specific boundary conditions of the physical system. Note that the key to finding the time-dependent part of the original function was to find an ODE in terms of time. This general process of finding ODEs from PDEs is the essence of this method.