Obstetrics and Gynecology/Post-Menopausal Bleeding

Post-menopausal Bleeding is vaginal bleeding occurring after the menopause

Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of post-menopausal bleeding is classified according the organ involved:

Uterine disorders:

• Endometrial carcinoma
• Endometrial Atrophy

Cervical disorders

• Cervical carcinoma
• Cervical polyp

Vaginal disorders

• Vaginal carcinoma
• Vaginal atrophy

Vulval disorders

• Vulval atrophy
• Vulval carcinoma

Other

• Hormone replacement therapy

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of post-menopausal bleeding is made using the following clinical skills:

• Gynecological History Taking
• Gynecological Examination
• Gynecological Investigations

References

• O'Connor, J. Pathology 2nd ed. Mosby. Edinburgh. 2002.
• McCarthy, A & Hunter, B (2003) Master Medicine: Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2nd ed.) Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder
• www.gpnotebook.co.uk