PlanetPhysics/Jordan Banach and Jordan Lie Algebras
\subsubsection{Jordan-Banach, Jordan-Lie, and Jordan-Banach-Lie algebras: Definitions and Relationships to Poisson and C*-algebras}
Firstly, a specific algebra consists of a vector space over a ground field (typically Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle \bR} or Failed to parse (unknown function "\bC"): {\displaystyle \bC} ) equipped with a bilinear and distributive multiplication ~. Note that is not necessarily commutative or associative.
A Jordan algebra (over Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle \bR} ), is an algebra over Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle \bR} for which:
</math> S \circ T &= T \circ S~, \\ S \circ (T \circ S^2) &= (S \circ T) \circ S^2 of the algebra.
It is worthwhile noting now that in the algebraic theory of Jordan algebras, an important role is played by the Jordan triple product as defined by:
which is linear in each factor and for which ~. Certain examples entail setting ~.
A Jordan Lie Algebra is a real vector space Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle \mathfrak A_{\bR}} together with a Jordan product and Poisson bracket
, satisfying~:
\item[1.] for all Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle S, T \in \mathfrak A_{\bR}} , </math> S \circ T &= T \circ S \\ \{S, T \} &= - \{T, S\} Failed to parse (unknown function "\item"): {\displaystyle \item[2.] the ''Leibniz rule'' holds <math> \{S, T \circ W \} = \{S, T\} \circ W + T \circ \{S, W\},} for all Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle S, T, W \in \mathfrak A_{\bR}} , along with \item[3.] the Jacobi identity~: \item[4.] for some Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikiversity.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \hslash^2 \in \bR} , there is the associator identity ~:
Poisson algebra
editBy a Poisson algebra we mean a Jordan algebra in which is associative. The usual algebraic types of morphisms automorphism, isomorphism, etc.) apply to Jordan-Lie (Poisson) algebras (see Landsman, 2003).
Consider the classical configuration space Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle Q = \bR^3} of a moving particle whose phase space is the cotangent bundle Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle T^* \bR^3 \cong \bR^6} , and for which the space of (classical) observables is taken to be the real vector space of smooth functions Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle \mathfrak A^0_{\bR} = C^{\infty}(T^* R^3, \bR)} ~. The usual pointwise multiplication of functions defines a bilinear map on Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle \mathfrak A^0_{\bR}} , which is seen to be commutative and associative. Further, the Poisson bracket on functions
Failed to parse (unknown function "\del"): {\displaystyle \{f, g \} := \frac{\del f}{\del p^i} \frac{\del g}{\del q_i} - \frac{\del f}{\del q_i} \frac{\del g}{\del p^i} ~,}
which can be easily seen to satisfy the Liebniz rule above. The axioms above then set the stage of passage to quantum mechanical systems which the parameter suggests.
C*--algebras (C*--A), JLB and JBW Algebras
editAn involution on a complex algebra is a real--linear map such that for all and Failed to parse (unknown function "\bC"): {\displaystyle \lambda \in \bC} , we have also
A *--algebra is said to be a complex associative algebra together with an involution ~.
A C*--algebra is a simultaneously a *--algebra and a Banach space , satisfying for all ~: \bigbreak
</math> \Vert S \circ T \Vert &\leq \Vert S \Vert ~ \Vert T \Vert~, \\ \Vert T^* T \Vert^2 & = \Vert T\Vert^2 ~. ~. By the above axioms a C*--algebra is a special case of a Banach algebra where the latter requires the above norm property but not the involution (*) property. Given Banach spaces the space of (bounded) linear operators from to forms a Banach space, where for , the space is a Banach algebra with respect to the norm
In quantum field theory one may start with a Hilbert space , and consider the Banach algebra of bounded linear operators which given to be closed under the usual algebraic operations and taking adjoints, forms a --algebra of bounded operators, where the adjoint operation functions as the involution, and for we have~:
and </math> \Vert Tu \Vert^2 = (Tu, Tu) = (u, T^*Tu) \leq \Vert T^* T \Vert~ \Vert u \Vert^2~. we mean a linear map Failed to parse (unknown function "\lra"): {\displaystyle \phi : \mathfrak A \lra \mathfrak B} , such that for all , the following hold~:
where a bijective morphism is said to be an isomorphism (in which case it is then an isometry). A fundamental relation is that any norm-closed --algebra in is a C*--algebra, and conversely, any C*--algebra is isomorphic to a norm--closed --algebra in for some Hilbert space ~.
For a C*--algebra , we say that is self--adjoint if ~. Accordingly, the self--adjoint part of is a real vector space since we can decompose as ~:
A commutative C*--algebra is one for which the associative multiplication is commutative. Given a commutative C*--algebra , we have , the algebra of continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space .
A Jordan--Banach algebra (a JB--algebra for short) is both a real Jordan algebra and a Banach space, where for all Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle S, T \in \mathfrak A_{\bR}} , we have
Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle \Vert S \circ T \Vert &\leq \Vert S \Vert ~ \Vert T \Vert ~, \\ \Vert T \Vert^2 &\leq \Vert S^2 + T^2 \Vert ~. }
A JLB--algebra is a JB--algebra Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle \mathfrak A_{\bR}} together with a Poisson bracket for which it becomes a Jordan--Lie algebra for some ~. Such JLB--algebras often constitute the real part of several widely studied complex associative algebras.
For the purpose of quantization, there are fundamental relations between , JLB and Poisson algebras.
Conversely, given a JLB--algebra Failed to parse (unknown function "\bR"): {\displaystyle \mathfrak A_{\bR}} with , its complexification is a -algebra under the operations~:
Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle S T &:= S \circ T - \frac{\iota}{2} k \times{\left\{S,T\right\}}_k ~, {(S + \iota T)}^* &:= S-\iota T . }
For further details see Landsman (2003) (Thm. 1.1.9).
A JB--algebra which is monotone complete and admits a separating set of normal sets is called a JBW-algebra. These appeared in the work of von Neumann who developed a (orthomodular) lattice theory of projections on on which to study quantum logic. BW-algebras have the following property: whereas is a J(L)B--algebra, the self adjoint part of a von Neumann algebra is a JBW--algebra.
A JC--algebra is a norm closed real linear subspace of </math>\mathcal L(H)^{sa}S \circ T = \frac{1}{2}(ST + TS)\mathcal L(H)^{sa}Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle is a JB--algebra, it is natural to specify the exact relationship between JB and JC--algebras, at least in finite dimensions. In order to do this, one introduces the `exceptional' algebra } H_3({\mathbb O})3 \times 3\mathbb O as a (direct) summand [1].
The above definitions and constructions follow the approach of Alfsen and Schultz (2003), and also reported earlier by Landsman (1998).