# Physics/Introduction

Physics is the study of the world around us. There are two main theories, general relativity and quantum mechanics. General relativity deals with why things fall and quantum mechanics deal with everything else. There is also a thing called special relativity and it can be summarized like this: When things move faster, they become heavier, shorter and experience time slower, all by a factor of ${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}$. Energy is just that factor*mass*(speed of light)^2, and momentum is that factor*mass*speed.

## General Relativity

General relativity says that things fall because the earth curves the space (and time) around it. To see why this works, get a globe. Place your left index finger where the prime meridian and the equator meet. Place your right index finger 90 degrees from your left one, keeping both on the equator. Then slowly run both hands in a straight line, heading north (running your finger represents moving time). Notice how they both collide.

The formula for how space curves is very complicated, but there is a simpler formula that predicts similar things, as long as you're nowhere near a black hole. Otherwise, you should be more focused on getting away from the black hole, if anything. The simpler, not perfectly accurate formula is here: ${\displaystyle F_{g}={\frac {Gm_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}$  where ${\displaystyle F_{g}}$  is the apparent force of gravity (remember, there is no force involved, only space curvature), ${\displaystyle m_{1}}$  and ${\displaystyle m_{2}}$  represent the masses of the two objects and r is the distance between them.

## Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics describe three main forces, electromagnetism, the strong and weak nuclear force. It also suggests that the position and momentum of everything is a probability cloud, that is, that I am currently in multiple places at once and that I could move at different speeds at once. This also implies that I can change speed sporadically as the uncertainty can mean that my speed may be different in the future. Though, before you call BS on this one though, most objects (and living things) are large enough such that there is a lot of certainty about where I am and how fast I'm moving (as per ${\displaystyle \Delta p\Delta s\geq \hbar }$ ). The latter implies inertia, a phenomenon in which large things conserve momentum.

There is also another formula: ${\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq \hbar }$ : uncertainty in energy times uncertainty in time is always above some value. This means that in theory, a very high energy or high enough mass could just poof into existence like magic, but it must be gone in a short amount of time such that we can't notice it in all of the noise. This means that energy and mass are conserved, for all intents and purposes.

### Electromagnetism

This word is used a lot to talk about nonsense, but trust me, quantum mechanics is not pseudoscience. Electromagnetism the force that attracts or repels two charged objects, like the electrons on my hand and those on the keyboard, allowing me to press the keys on my keyboard. It is explained by the use of photons, particles which are also responsible for sight. So when I push on one of the keys of my keyboard, the electrons in my finger and those on the keyboard exchange photons, forcing the key to go down. Thus, electromagnetism is responsible for so called 'contact forces'.

### Strong Nuclear Force

The strong nuclear force is the force keeping the nuclei inside atoms together. As protons are repelled by each other, due to having the same charge, another force and new particles, one of which is the neutron (the neutron contributes to the strong nuclear force, but not to the electromagnetic repulsion) and the other is the gluon, which carries the force. So in a nucleus, the protons and neutrons exchange gluons, keeping it together, though, sometimes, it just isn't enough...

### Weak Nuclear Force

The weak nuclear force is a mechanism for nuclei which don't want to exist (they're called radioactive nuclei btw) to not exist. Sure, sometimes they might just break apart, but other times, they use this mechanism, called beta decay. When a nucleus has had enough of life, a neutron might decide to turn into a proton and emit an electron (which will go into orbit around the atom) and a new particle called a neutrino. The weak nuclear force is exchanged by the W and Z bosons.

## Test

1. Debunk the following flat earth arguments

1a. Why doesn't everything fall off if the earth is spinning?
1b. Water curves on the round earth. Doesn't water always maintain it's own level?
1c. Gravity doesn't exist, therefore it can't make the earth round. Everything falls because denser things are attracted to the earth, displacing
lighter objects

2. Debunk the following anti-5g argument: Electromagnetic radiation, which is given by 5g, is inherently harmful.

3. Why don't nuclei fly apart?

4. How does beta decay work?

5. What do fast-moving objects do?

1a. Gravity keeps things onto the earth, despite the fact that earth is spinning. This is a valid point, as inertia is a thing and large objects will maintain their momentum imparted by the earth, and will fly off into space. But gravity exists, fortunately.

1b. Water does not maintain it's own level. Water molecules are not magically immune to the curvature of space, explaining how water can curve around the earth.

1c. Your new model doesn't work. For example, place some lead on top of a bag of feathers. The lead doesn't pass through the feathers now, does it?

2. Electromagnetic force is transmitted by photons, aka, light. Therefore, it's rational to assume that 'electromagnetic radiation' means light. Light is not inherently harmful.

3. Nuclei don't fly apart due to the strong nuclear force.

4. Beta decay involves a neutron splitting apart due to the weak nuclear force.

5. Fast moving objects become heavier, shorter and experience time more slowly.