OToPS/ABCD
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study
editThe Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study© is the largest long-term study of brain development and child health in the United States, with 11,880 children between the ages of 9 and 10 having been invited to join the study. The ABCD study is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and is associated with 21 research sites across the country. Researchers seek to explore how childhood experiences interact to affect cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development during adolescence. The goal of the ABCD study is to provide families, schools, professionals, and policy makers with crucial information needed to promote the health, well-being, and success of children.
Copyright © 2024 ABCD Study | "ABCD Study©, Teen Brains. Today's Science. Brighter Future.©, El cerebro adolescente. La ciencia de hoy. Un futuro más brillante.© and the ABCD Study Logos are registered marks of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS). Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study, El Estudio del Desarrollo Cognitivo y Cerebral del Adolescente℠, are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS)."
ABCD Coordinating Center
editPrincipal Investigators: Drs. Terry Jernigan and Sandra A. Brown
Manager: David Benjamin
Email: abcd-cc@ucsd.edu
Data Analysis, Informatics & Resource Center (DAIRC)
editPrincipal Investigator: Dr. Anders Dale
Associate Director, Bioinformatics: Dr. Rongguang Yang
Email: roy002@health.ucsd.edu
Overview of Measures
editMeasure | Category | Source | Baseline | 1-Year Follow-up | 2-Year Follow-up | 3-Year Follow-up | 4-Year Follow-up | 5-Year Follow-up | 6-Year Follow-up | Mid-year Follow-up |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PhenX Anthropometrics (height/weight/waist measurements)[1] | Physical Health | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Blood Pressure | Physical Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Snellen Vision Screener | Physical Health | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory | Physical Health | Youth | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Youth Risk Behavior Survey - Exercise | Physical Health | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Pubertal Development Scale and Menstrual Cycle Survey - Youth[2] | Physical Health | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Screen Time Survey - Youth | Physical Health | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Youth Gender Survey[3][4][5][6][7] | Physical Health & Mental Health | Youth | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Pain Questionnaire[8] | Physical Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (sleep)[9] | Physical Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Block Kids Food Screener - Youth[10] | Physical Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Respiratory Functioning[11][12] | Physical Health | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
COVID-19 Annual Form | Physical Health | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Sports and Activities Involvement Questionnaire - Youth | Physical Health | Youth | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Medications | Physical Health | Youth | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Youth Sexual Behavior Survey[13][14][15] | Physical Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
PhenX Demographics Survey | Physical Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Medical History Questionnaire[16] | Physical Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Breast Feeding Questionnaire[17] | Physical Health | Parent | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
Developmental History Questionnaire[18][19] | Physical Health | Parent | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
PhenX Medications Survey | Physical Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Pubertal Development Scale and Menstrual Cycle Survey - Parent[2] | Physical Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children[20][21] | Physical Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Sports and Activities Involvement Questionnaire - Parent[22] | Physical Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
Screen Time Survey - Parent | Physical Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Ohio State TBI Screen - Short[23] | Physical Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Child Nutrition Assessment[24] | Physical Health | Parent | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Gender Identity Questionnaire - Parent[3][25][26] | Physical Health & Mental Health | Parent | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
Block Kids Food Screener - Parent[10] | Physical Health | Parent | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
International Physical Activity Questionnaire[27] | Physical Health | Parent | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
COVID-19 Annual Form | Physical Health | Parent | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Parent Gender and Sexual Behavior Survey[3][28][29] | Physical Health | Parent | No | No | No | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Structural MRI - 3D T1 (Weighted)[30] | Brain Imaging | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Structural MRI - 3D T2 (Weighted)[30] | Brain Imaging | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Structural MRI - Diffusion Tensor Imaging[30] | Brain Imaging | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Functional MRI - Resting State[31] | Brain Imaging | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Functional MRI - Monetary Incentive Delay Task[31][32] | Brain Imaging | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Functional MRI - Stop Signal Task[31][33] | Brain Imaging | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Functional MRI - Emotional N-Back Task[31][34] | Brain Imaging | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Breathalyzer (alcohol screen) | Biospecimens | Youth | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Oral Fluids (drug screen) | Biospecimens | Youth | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes | No |
Urine (NicAlert)[35] | Biospecimens | Youth | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No | No | No | No |
Urine (Alere)[36] | Biospecimens | Youth | No | No | No | No | No | Yes* | No | No |
Urine (drug screen) | Biospecimens | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes* | No | Yes | No |
Urine (Reditest Smoke Cassette)[37][38] | Biospecimens | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes* | No | Yes | No |
Blood (DNA) | Biospecimens | Youth | Yes* | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Oral Fluids (pubertal hormones)[39] | Biospecimens | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes* | Yes | Yes* | Yes | No |
Oral Fluids (DNA) | Biospecimens | Youth | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Hair (substance use metabolites)[40][41] | Biospecimens | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes* | Yes | Yes* | Yes | No |
Baby Teeth (substance and environmental toxin exposure)[42] | Biospecimens | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes* | Yes | Yes* | Yes | No |
Blood (A1C, cholesterol, CBC, anemia) | Biospecimens | Youth | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS) Background Items Survey - Youth[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Depressive Disorders) - Youth[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Bipolar and Related Disorders) - Youth[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Conduct Disorders) - Youth[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder) - Youth[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Eating Disorders) - Youth[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) - Youth[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Social Anxiety Disorder) - Youth[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Suicidality) - Youth[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Sleep Problems)[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
UPPS-P for Children - Short Form (ABCD Version)[47][48] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
PhenX Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Approach System (BIS/BAS) Scales[49][50] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Prodromal Psychosis Scale[51][52][53][54] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Youth Resilience Scale[55] | Mental Health | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
7-Up Mania Items[56] | Mental Health | Youth | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Abbreviated Self-Reported Delinquency Scale[57] | Mental Health | Youth | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Self-Reported Delinquency Scale[57] | Mental Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
NIH Toolbox Positive Affect Items[58][59][60] | Mental Health | Youth | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Brief Problem Monitor Scale[61] | Mental Health | Youth | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Life Events Scale - Youth[62][63] | Mental Health | Youth | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Peer Experiences Questionnaire[64][65] | Mental Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Cyberbullying Questionnaire[66] | Mental Health | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Emotion Regulation Questionnaire[67][68][69] | Mental Health | Youth | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Sexual Health Questionnaire | Mental Health | Youth | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
KSADS Background Items Survey - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (ADHD) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Autism Spectrum Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Depressive Disorders) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Bipolar and Related Disorders) - Parent [43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Psychotic Disorders) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Oppositional Defiant Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Conduct Disorders) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Eating Disorders) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Panic Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Specific Phobia Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Agoraphobia Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Social Anxiety Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Separation Anxiety Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Suicidality) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Homicidality) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
KSADS Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (Sleep Problems) - Parent[43][44][45][46] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Child Behavior Checklist[70] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
General Behavior Inventory - Mania[56] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Adult Self Report Survey[71] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Family History Assessment Survey[72][73] | Mental Health | Parent | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Life Events Scale - Parent[62][63] | Mental Health | Parent | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Short Social Responsiveness Scale[74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82] | Mental Health | Parent | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
ASEBA Adult Self-Report (psychopathology)[71] | Mental Health | Parent | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
ASEBA Adult Behavior Checklist[71] | Mental Health | Parent | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire[83] | Mental Health | Parent | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Occupation Survey | Mental Health | Parent | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale[84][85] | Mental Health | Parent | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Perceived Stress Scale[86] | Mental Health | Parent | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
Sexual Health Questionnaire | Mental Health | Parent | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
NIH Toolbox Tasks - Picture Vocabulary[87][88] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
NIH Toolbox Tasks - Flanker Inhibitory Control & Attention[89][88] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
NIH Toolbox Tasks - List Sorting Working Memory[90][88] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
NIH Toolbox Tasks - Dimensional Change Card Sort[91][88] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
NIH Toolbox Tasks - Pattern Comparison Processing Speed[92][88] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
NIH Toolbox Tasks - Picture Sequence Memory[93][88] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
NIH Toolbox Tasks - Oral Reading Recognition[94][88] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Rey Auditory Verbal Leanring Task (RAVLT) [95][96] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Cash Choice Task[97][98] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Little Man Task[99][100] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Matrix Reasoning Task[101][102] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
RAVLT Delayed Recall[95][96] | Neurocognition | Youth | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Delay Discounting Task[103] | Neurocognition | Youth | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Emotional Faces Stroop Task[104][105][106] | Neurocognition | Youth | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Stanford Mental Arithmetic Response Time Evaluation (SMARTE)[107] | Neurocognition | Youth | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Game of Dice Task[108][109][110][111] | Neurocognition | Youth | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Social Influence Task[112] | Neurocognition | Youth | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Behavioral Indicator of Resiliency to Distress Task (BIRD)[113][114] | Neurocognition | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Participant Last Use Survey (PLUS) for substance use within the last 24 hours - Youth[115] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
PhenX Peer Group Deviance Survey[116] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
PATH Intention to Use Alcohol, Nicotine, and Marijuana Survey [117][118] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Timeline Follow-Back Survey[115][119] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Caffeine Intake Survey - Substance Use Interview [115][120] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
PhenX Perceived Harm of Substance Use[121][122] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes | Yes* | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
PhenX Peer Tolerance of Use[121][122] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Alcohol Expectancies Questionnaire[123][124][125] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes | Yes* | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Cigarette Expectancies (ASCQ)[126] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Marijuana Effect Expectancy Questionnaire (MEEQ-B)[127] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
PhenX Community Risk and Protective Factors[128][129] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | Yes* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Sibling Use[130] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Electronic Nictotine Delivery Systems Expectancies Questionnaire[131] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Opportunity to Use Questionnaire | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
Vaping Expectancies[127] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | Yes* | No | Yes | No | No |
ISay II Q2 Sipping Items (sip) - Substance Use Interview[115][120] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Low Level Tobacco Use (puff) - Substance Use Interview[115][120] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Low Level Marijuana Use (puff/taste) - Substance Use Interview[115][120] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Alcohol Hangover Symptoms (HSS)[132] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI)[133] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Nicotine Dependence (PATH)[134][135] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Drug Problem Index (DAPI)[136][137][138] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Marijuana Problem Index (MAPI)[136][139] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Cannabis Withdrawal Scale[140] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | Yes* | No |
Alcohol Motives Questionnaire (PhenX)[141][142][143] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes* | No | Yes* | No |
Marijuana Motives Questionnaire (PhenX)[144][145] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes* | No | Yes* | No |
Tobacco Motives Inventory[146] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes* | No | Yes* | No |
Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Motives Inventory[147][148] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes* | No | Yes* | No |
Reasons for Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Use[148][149] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes* | No | Yes* | No |
Vaping Motives[150] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | Yes* | No | Yes* | No | Yes* | No |
Substance Use Phone Interview[115] | Substance Use | Youth | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Alcohol Subjective Effects (SRE; PhenX)[151] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Marijuana Subjective Effects[152][153] | Substance Use | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Nicotine Subjective Response[134][154] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
KSADS - Alcohol/Drug Use Disorder - Youth[46] | Substance Use | Youth | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Participant Last Use Survey (PLUS) for substance use within the last 24 hours - Parent[115] | Substance Use | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
KSADS - Alcohol/Drug Use Disorder - Parent[46] | Substance Use | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Parent Rules Survey[155][156][120][157] | Substance Use | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
PhenX Community Risk and Protective Factors[128][129] | Substance Use | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Household Substance Use, Density, Storage & Second-Hand Exposure[158][159] | Substance Use | Parent | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Prosocial Behavior Survey - Youth[160] | Culture & Environment | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
PhenX Acculturation Survey - Youth[161][162] | Culture & Environment | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
Parental Monitoring Survey[163][164][165] | Culture & Environment | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Acceptance Subscale from Children's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI) - Short[166][167][168][169] | Culture & Environment | Youth | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
PhenX Family Environment Scale - Family Conflict - Youth[170] | Culture & Environment | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
(PhenX) Neighborhood Safety/Crime Survey - Youth[171] | Culture & Environment | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
PhenX School Risk & Protective Factors Survey[172][173] | Culture & Environment | Youth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Perceived Discrimination Scale[174][175] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Wills Problem Solving Scale[176] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
Peer Behavior Profile: Prosocial Peer Involvement & Delinquent Peer Involvement[177][178][179] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Peer Network Health: Protective Scale[180] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Resistance to Peer Influence Scale/Questionnaire[181] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Mexican American Cultural Values Scale - Youth[182] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
School Attendance of Youth & Grades[183] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Pet Ownership[184] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
Multidimensional Neglectful Behavior Scale[185] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
Vancouver Index of Acculturation - Youth[186] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Multi-Group Ethnic Identity - Revised - Youth[187] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
Activity Space | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
Native American Acculturation Survey - Youth[188] | Culture & Environment | Youth | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes* | No |
Vancouver Index of Acculturation - Parent[186] | Culture & Environment | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Multi-Group Ethnic Identity Survey[187] | Culture & Environment | Parent | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Prosocial Behavior Survey - Parent[160] | Culture & Environment | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Mexican American Cultural Values Scale[187] | Culture & Environment | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
PhenX Acculturation Survey - Parent[161][162] | Culture & Environment | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
PhenX Family Environment Scale - Family Conflict - Parent[170][189] | Culture & Environment | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
PhenX Neighborhood Safety/Crime Survey - Parent[190][171] | Culture & Environment | Parent | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Native American Acculturation Scale[188] | Culture & Environment | Parent | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
School Attendance of Youth & Grades[183] | Culture & Environment | Parent | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Community Cohesion (PhenX)[191][192] | Culture & Environment | Parent | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Parental Monitoring Survey[164][165] | Culture & Environment | Parent | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
HOME Short Form Cognitive Stimulation[193][194][195] | Culture & Environment | Parent | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Driving | Culture & Environment | Parent | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale - Short[196][197][198] | Neurocognition | Parent | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Geocoding from Residential History | Other | Other | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
School Records | Other | Other | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Brief Problem Monitor - Teacher Form[199] | Other | Other | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Fitbit Pre and Post Assessments (sleep, health, activity) | Other | Youth | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Effortless Assessment Research System (EARS) - mobile phone and app usage | Other | Youth | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Notes by Category
editPhysical Health
edit- All measures in the ABCD protocol were revised to eliminate the use of binary gender classifications in the fall of 2020
Brain Imaging
editBiospecimens
edit- In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the ABCD study pivoted to remote testing in March of 2020. This affected the 2-, 3-, and 4-year follow-up assessments. The switch to remote testing did not allow for the collection of biospecimens.
Mental Health
edit- Variables for the following diagnoses, obtained using the KSADS, are present in the data: Adjustment Disorder, Agoraphobia, Alcohol Use Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Bipolar Disorders, Conduct Disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, Depressive Disorders, Drug Use Disorders, Eating Disorders, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Psychosis, Selective Mutism, Separation Anxiety, Social Anxiety, and Suicidality
- A switch was made to the KSADS 2.0 at the 3-year follow-up. This version introduced several changes
- New diagnostic categories: schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, and autism spectrum disorder.
- Branching algorithm to streamline supplement items.
- Additional questions on the end of supplements that determine episode classifications.
- Medication information, corresponding with diagnosis.
- A more rigorous probe for hallucinations that requires hallucinatory-like experiences to occur during daily activity.
- Moved paranoid ideation questions from the psychotic disorders screen to the supplement to minimize false positives.
- Moved item about hypersexuality in the Bipolar Disorder screen to the supplement to minimize false positives.
- A screen item pertaining to the duration of OCD-like symptoms was added, the obsessive thoughts about sex item was removed from the screen, and the phrasing of the initial OCD probe item was changed to minimize false positives.
- Back button added.
Neurocognition
editSubstance Use
edit- Between March of 2020 and December of 2021 remote and hybrid testing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic required participants to complete some measures on their own devices. Remote performance was monitored via Zoom by research associates when feasible, and youth were asked to find private places to complete substance use measures, but this was not always possible. This reduction in privacy may affect responses.
- Discrepancies in when substance use measures were given to youth exist between the ABCD Study release notes and the ABCD Protocol by Wave fact sheets
- Alcohol Expectancies Questionnaire (AEQ-AB)
- Release notes: Annually from baseline to 3-year follow-up. Expected future assessment at 5-year and 7-year follow ups.
- Protocol by wave: Annually from 1-year follow-up. (protocol by wave is correct)
- Marijuana Expectancies (MEEQ-B)
- Release notes: Annually from baseline to 3-year follow-up. Expected future assessments in 5-year and 7-year follow-ups.
- Protocol by wave: Annually from 1-year follow-up. 1-3 year follow up, something weird with 4-year follow-up
- Vaping Motives
- Release notes: 2-year and 4-year follow-ups. Expected future assessment at 6-year follow-up.
- Protocol by wave: 4- and 6-year follow-ups. (protocol by wave is correct just 3 and 4 year follow ups)
- PhenX Peer Tolerance of Substance Use
- Release notes: Administered annually baseline through 4-year follow-up.
- Protocol by wave: Administered annually 1-year follow-up through 5-year follow-up. (1/2/3/4 follow up)
- Cigarette Expectancies (ASCQ) (1/2/3/4)
- Release notes: Baseline through 3-year follow-up, expected future assessments at 5-year and 7-year follow-up.
- Protocol by wave: Annually since 1-year follow-up
- Community Risk and Protective Factors (Parent) (baseline/1/2/3/4)
- Release notes: Annually since 2-year follow-up
- Protocol by wave: Annually since baseline.
- Substance Use Density, Storage, and Exposure (Parent) (2/3/4)
- Release notes: Annually since baseline
- Protocol by wave: Annually since 2-year follow-up.
- Alcohol Expectancies Questionnaire (AEQ-AB)
Culture & Environment
edit- Discrepancies in culture & environment measures between the ABCD study release notes and the ABCD protocol by wave fact sheets:
- Pet Ownership (3/4)
- Release notes: 3-year follow-up and 4-year follow-up.
- Protocol by wave: 3-year follow-up only.
- School Attendance of Youth & Grades (2/3)
- Release notes: 2- and 3-year follow-up.
- Protocol by wave: 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-year follow up.
- Parental Monitoring Survey (parent) (4)
- Release notes: 4-year follow-up
- Protocol by wave: 5-year follow-up
- Pet Ownership (3/4)
Other
editABCD Protocol by Wave
editThis table was built using PDFs that detail the ABCD Protocol for both youth and parents by wave. All PDFs were created by the ABCD study and can be found below.
ABCD Protocol Summary: Baseline
ABCD Protocol Summary: One-year Follow-up
ABCD Protocol Summary: Two-year Follow-up
ABCD Protocol Summary: Three-year Follow-up
ABCD Protocol Summary: Four-year Follow-up
References
edit- ↑ Centers for Disease Control (CDC; Division of Nutrition). (2016). Anthropometry Procedures Manual.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988). A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms. Journal of youth and adolescence, 17(2), 117–133.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Potter, A., Dube, S., Allgaier, N., Loso, H., Ivanova, M., Barrios, L. C., Bookheimer, S., Chaarani, B., Dumas, J., Feldstein-Ewing, S., Freedman, E. G., Garavan, H., Hoffman, E., McGlade, E., Robin, L., & Johns, M. M. (2021). Early adolescent gender diversity and mental health in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 62(2), 171–179.
- ↑ Potter, A. S., Dube, S. L., Barrios, L. C., Bookheimer, S., Espinoza, A., Feldstein Ewing, S. W., Freedman, E. G., Hoffman, E. A., Ivanova, M., Jefferys, H., McGlade, E. C., Tapert, S. F., & Johns, M. M. (2022). Measurement of gender and sexuality in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Developmental cognitive neuroscience, 53, 101057.
- ↑ Windle, M., Grunbaum, J. A., Elliott, M., Tortolero, S. R., Berry, S., Gilliland, J., Kanouse, D. E., Parcel, G. S., Wallander, J., Kelder, S., Collins, J., Kolbe, L., & Schuster, M. (2004). Healthy passages. A multilevel, multimethod longitudinal study of adolescent health. American journal of preventive medicine, 27(2), 164–172.
- ↑ Wylie, S. A., Corliss, H. L., Boulanger, V., Prokop, L. A., & Austin, S. B. (2010). Socially assigned gender nonconformity: A brief measure for use in surveillance and investigation of health disparities. Sex roles, 63(3-4), 264–276.
- ↑ Reed, E., Salazar, M., Behar, A. I., Agah, N., Silverman, J. G., Minnis, A. M., Rusch, M., & Raj, A. (2019). Cyber Sexual Harassment: Prevalence and association with substance use, poor mental health, and STI history among sexually active adolescent girls. Journal of adolescence, 75, 53–62.
- ↑ Luntamo, T., Sourander, A., Santalahti, P., Aromaa, M., & Helenius, H. (2012). Prevalence changes of pain, sleep problems and fatigue among 8-year-old children: years 1989, 1999, and 2005. Journal of pediatric psychology, 37(3), 307–318.
- ↑ Zavada, A., Gordijn, M. C., Beersma, D. G., Daan, S., & Roenneberg, T. (2005). Comparison of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire with the Horne-Ostberg’s Morningness-Eveningness Score. Chronobiology international, 22(2), 267–278.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hunsberger, M., O’Malley, J., Block, T., & Norris, J. C. (2015). Relative validation of Block Kids Food Screener for dietary assessment in children and adolescents. Maternal & child nutrition, 11(2), 260–270.
- ↑ Gillman, M. W., & Blaisdell, C. J. (2018). Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes, a Research Program of the National Institutes of Health. Current opinion in pediatrics, 30(2), 260–262.
- ↑ Asher, M. I., Keil, U., Anderson, H. R., Beasley, R., Crane, J., Martinez, F., Mitchell, E. A., Pearce, N., Sibbald, B., & Stewart, A. W. (1995). International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. The European respiratory journal, 8(3), 483–491.
- ↑ Potter, A. S., Dube, S. L., Barrios, L. C., Bookheimer, S., Espinoza, A., Feldstein Ewing, S. W., Freedman, E. G., Hoffman, E. A., Ivanova, M., Jefferys, H., McGlade, E. C., Tapert, S. F., & Johns, M. M. (2022). Measurement of gender and sexuality in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Developmental cognitive neuroscience, 53, 101057.
- ↑ Sales, J. M., Milhausen, R. R., Wingood, G. M., Diclemente, R. J., Salazar, L. F., & Crosby, R. A. (2008). Validation of a Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale for use in STD/HIV prevention interventions. Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 35(3), 332–345.
- ↑ Windle, M., Grunbaum, J. A., Elliott, M., Tortolero, S. R., Berry, S., Gilliland, J., Kanouse, D. E., Parcel, G. S., Wallander, J., Kelder, S., Collins, J., Kolbe, L., & Schuster, M. (2004). Healthy passages. A multilevel, multimethod longitudinal study of adolescent health. American journal of preventive medicine, 27(2), 164–172.
- ↑ Todd, R. D., Joyner, C. A., Heath, A. C., Neuman, R. J., & Reich, W. (2003). Reliability and stability of a semistructured DSM-IV interview designed for family studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(12), 1460–1468.
- ↑ Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., Costello, E. J., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Heeringa, S., Merikangas, K. R., Pennell, B. E., Sampson, N. A., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2009). National comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement (NCS-A): II. Overview and design. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(4), 380–385.
- ↑ Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., Costello, E. J., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Heeringa, S., Merikangas, K. R., Pennell, B. E., Sampson, N. A., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2009). National comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement (NCS-A): II. Overview and design. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(4), 380–385.
- ↑ Merikangas, K. R., Avenevoli, S., Costello, E. J., Koretz, D., & Kessler, R. C. (2009). National comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement (NCS-A): I. Background and measures. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(4), 367–379.
- ↑ Bruni, O., Ottaviano, S., Guidetti, V., Romoli, M., Innocenzi, M., Cortesi, F., & Giannotti, F. (1996). The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). Construction and validation of an instrument to evaluate sleep disturbances in childhood and adolescence. Journal of sleep research, 5(4), 251–261.
- ↑ Ferreira, V. R., Carvalho, L. B., Ruotolo, F., de Morais, J. F., Prado, L. B., & Prado, G. F. (2009). Sleep disturbance scale for children: translation, cultural adaptation, and validation. Sleep medicine, 10(4), 457–463.
- ↑ Huppertz, C., Bartels, M., de Zeeuw, E. L., van Beijsterveldt, C., Hudziak, J. J., Willemsen, G., Boomsma, D. I., & de Geus, E. (2016). Individual Differences in Exercise Behavior: Stability and Change in Genetic and Environmental Determinants From Age 7 to 18. Behavior genetics, 46(5), 665–679.
- ↑ Bogner, J. A., Whiteneck, G. G., MacDonald, J., Juengst, S. B., Brown, A. W., Philippus, A. M., Marwitz, J. H., Lengenfelder, J., Mellick, D., Arenth, P., & Corrigan, J. D. (2017). Test-Retest Reliability of Traumatic Brain Injury Outcome Measures: A Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Study. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 32(5), E1–E16.
- ↑ Morris, M. C., Tangney, C. C., Wang, Y., Sacks, F. M., Bennett, D. A., & Aggarwal, N. T. (2015). MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 11(9), 1007–1014.
- ↑ Johnson, L. L., Bradley, S. J., Birkenfeld-Adams, A. S., Kuksis, M. A., Maing, D. M., Mitchell, J. N., & Zucker, K. J. (2004). A parent-report gender identity questionnaire for children. Archives of sexual behavior, 33(2), 105–116.
- ↑ Elizabeth, P. H., & Green, R. (1984). Childhood sex-role behaviors: similarities and differences in twins. Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae, 33(2), 173–179.
- ↑ Booth M. (2000). Assessment of physical activity: an international perspective. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 71(2 Suppl), S114–S120.
- ↑ Wylie, S. A., Corliss, H. L., Boulanger, V., Prokop, L. A., & Austin, S. B. (2010). Socially assigned gender nonconformity: A brief measure for use in surveillance and investigation of health disparities. Sex roles, 63(3-4), 264–276.
- ↑ Sales, J. M., Milhausen, R. R., Wingood, G. M., Diclemente, R. J., Salazar, L. F., & Crosby, R. A. (2008). Validation of a Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale for use in STD/HIV prevention interventions. Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 35(3), 332–345.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 ABCD Study. (n.d.). MRI Protocol - ABCD Study. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://abcdstudy.org/scientists/protocols-mri/
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 ABCD Study. (n.d.). fMRI Tasks and Tools. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://abcdstudy.org/scientists/abcd-fmri-tasks-and-tools/
- ↑ Knutson B, Westdorp A, Kaiser E, Hommer D (2000) FMRI visualization of brain activity during a monetary incentive delay task. NeuroImage 12: 20–27.
- ↑ Logan GD (1994) On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users’ guide to the stop signal paradigm. In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language: 189-239. San Diego: Academic Press
- ↑ Cohen, A.O., Conley, M.I., Dellarco, D.V., Casey, B.J. (November, 2016). The impact of emotional cues on short-term and long-term memory during adolescence. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA.
- ↑ NicAlert | NYMOX. (2024). Nymox.com. https://nymox.com/products/nicalert
- ↑ Alere iScreen Dip Card. (2024). Globalpointofcare.abbott. https://www.globalpointofcare.abbott/us/en/product-details/toxicology-iscreen.html
- ↑ Reditest® Smoke Cassette | Test Devices | Redwood Toxicology Laboratory. (2024). Redwoodtoxicology.com. https://www.redwoodtoxicology.com/devices/doa_redismoke
- ↑ ReditestTM Smoke Cassette. (2024). Toxicology.abbott. https://www.toxicology.abbott/us/en/products/reditest-smoke-cassette.html
- ↑ Dolsen, E. A., Deardorff, J., & Harvey, A. G. (2019). Salivary Pubertal Hormones, Sleep Disturbance, and an Evening Circadian Preference in Adolescents: Risk Across Health Domains. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 64(4), 523–529.
- ↑ Wade, N. E., Tapert, S. F., Lisdahl, K. M., Huestis, M. A., & Haist, F. (2022). Substance use onset in high-risk 9-13 year-olds in the ABCD study. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 91, 107090.
- ↑ Wade, N. E., Sullivan, R. M., Tapert, S. F., Pelham, W. E., 3rd, Huestis, M. A., Lisdahl, K. M., & Haist, F. (2023). Concordance between substance use self-report and hair analysis in community-based adolescents. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 49(1), 76-84.
- ↑ Cassidy-Bushrow, A. E., Wu, K. H., Sitarik, A. R., Park, S. K., Bielak, L. F., Austin, C., Gennings, C., Curtin, P., Johnson, C. C., & Arora, M. (2019). In utero metal exposures measured in deciduous teeth and birth outcomes in a racially-diverse urban cohort. Environmental research, 171, 444–451.
- ↑ 43.00 43.01 43.02 43.03 43.04 43.05 43.06 43.07 43.08 43.09 43.10 43.11 43.12 43.13 43.14 43.15 43.16 43.17 43.18 43.19 43.20 43.21 43.22 43.23 43.24 43.25 43.26 43.27 43.28 43.29 43.30 KAUFMAN, J., BIRMAHER, B., BRENT, D., RAO, U., FLYNN, C., MORECI, P., WILLIAMSON, D., & RYAN, N. (1997). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial Reliability and Validity Data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021
- ↑ 44.00 44.01 44.02 44.03 44.04 44.05 44.06 44.07 44.08 44.09 44.10 44.11 44.12 44.13 44.14 44.15 44.16 44.17 44.18 44.19 44.20 44.21 44.22 44.23 44.24 44.25 44.26 44.27 44.28 44.29 44.30 Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Perepletchikova, F., Brent, D., & Ryan, N. (2016). K-SADS-PL DSM-5. https://pediatricbipolar.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/assets/Clinical%20tools/KSADS/KSADS_DSM_5_SCREEN_Final.pdf
- ↑ 45.00 45.01 45.02 45.03 45.04 45.05 45.06 45.07 45.08 45.09 45.10 45.11 45.12 45.13 45.14 45.15 45.16 45.17 45.18 45.19 45.20 45.21 45.22 45.23 45.24 45.25 45.26 45.27 45.28 45.29 45.30 Townsend, L, Kobak, K., Kearney, C., Milham, M., Andreotti, C., Escalera, J., Alexander, L., Gill, M.K., Birmaher, B., Sylvester, R., Rice, D., Deep, A., Kaufman, J. (2020). Development of Three Web-Based Computerized Versions of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS-COMP) Child Psychiatric Diagnostic Interview: Preliminary Validity Data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Feb;59(2):309-325. doi:10.1016/j.jaac. PMID: 31108163.
- ↑ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 46.11 46.12 46.13 46.14 46.15 46.16 46.17 46.18 46.19 46.20 46.21 46.22 46.23 46.24 46.25 46.26 46.27 46.28 46.29 46.30 46.31 46.32 Kaufman, J., Kobak, K., Birmaher, B., & de Lacy, N. (2021). KSADS-COMP Perspectives on Child Psychiatric Diagnostic Assessment and Treatment Planning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(5), 540–542.
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- ↑ Gross, J.J., & John, O.P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
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- ↑ Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles: an integrated system of mult-informant assessment. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth & Families; 2001.
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003). Manual for the ASEBA adult forms & profiles. Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
- ↑ Brown SA, Brumback T, Tomlinson K, Cummins K, Thompson WK, Nagel BJ, De Bellis MD, Hooper SR, Clark DB, Chung T, Hasler BP, Colrain IM, Baker FC, Prouty D, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Pohl KM, Rohlfing T, Nichols BN, Chu W, Tapert SF. The National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA): A Multisite Study of Adolescent Development and Substance Use. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2015 Nov;76(6):895-908. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2015.76.895. PMID: 26562597; PMCID: PMC4712659.
- ↑ Rice JP, Reich T, Bucholz KK, Neuman RJ, Fishman R, Rochberg N, Hesselbrock VM, Nurnberger JI Jr, Schuckit MA, Begleiter H. Comparison of direct interview and family history diagnoses of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995 Aug;19(4):1018-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb00983.x. PMID: 7485811.
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