Nonlinear finite elements/Quiz 1/Solutions

Quiz 1: Given edit

Heat conduction in an isotropic material with a constant thermal conductivity and no internal heat sources is described by Laplace's equation

 

Solution edit

Part 1 edit

Derive a symmetric weak form for the Laplace equation in 1-D (an insulated rod).

The 1-D version of Laplace's equation is

 

To derive the symmetric weak form we multiply the equation by a weighting function ( ) and integrate by parts. Thus,

 

or

 

Part 2 edit

What are the expressions for the components of the finite element stiffness matrix ( ) and the load vector ( ) for this 1-D problem?

The stiffness matrix terms are

 

The load vector terms are

 

Part 3 edit

Assume that the one of ends of the rod is maintained at a temperature of   (which is nonzero) and the other end has a prescribed heat flux of  . If we discretize the rod into two elements, what does the reduced finite element system of equations look like?You do not have to work out the terms of the stiffness matrix - just use generic labels.

The finite element system of equations for a two element mesh (with linear shape functions) is

 

If   is not zero, the reduced system of equations will be

 

Part 4 edit

Now, assume that the thermal conductivity of the material varies with temperature. What form does the governing equation take? (We will call this the modified problem.)

If the thermal conductivity ( ) is a function of temperature, the governing equation takes the form

 

Since   is a function only of temperature, we can take it outside the derivative to get

 

The equation does not change!

Part 5 edit

List the steps needed to solve the modified problem using finite elements.

The standard steps for a linear ODE are applicable.

  1. Derive the symmetric weak form.
  2. Substitute the approximate solution into the weak form and find the symmetric element stiffness matrix and element load vector.
  3. Assemble global stiffness matrix and load vector.
  4. Apply boundary conditions.
  5. Solve.