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Minerals/Metals/Transitions

< Minerals‎ | Metals

Usually, these and the other metals are divided into several subgroups for specific purposes:

  1. Actinides - group 3: actinium (Ac) through lawrencium (Lr).
  2. Alkali metals - group 1: lithium (Li) through francium (Fr).
  3. Alkaline earth metals - group 2: beryllium (Be) through radium (Ra).
  4. Aluminides - aluminum (Al): native aluminum and minerals above 25 at % Al.
  5. Body-centered cubic metals - titanium (Ti) through chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr) through molybdenum (Mo), and hafnium (Hf) through tungsten (W).
  6. Heavy metals - mercury (Hg) through polonium (Po), copernicium (Cn) through livermorium (Lv).
  7. Lanthanides - lanthanum (La) through lutetium (Lu), also called the rare-earths.
  8. Metalloids - gallium (Ga) through selenium (Se) and cadmium (Cd) through tellurium (Te).
  9. Precious metals - technetium (Tc) through silver (Ag) and rhenium (Re) through gold (Au).
  10. Rare earth metals group 3: scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), the Lanthanides, and the Actinides.
  11. Siliconides - native silicon and minerals above 25 at % Si.
  12. Transition metals are often restricted to manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), but generally include Sc through zinc (Zn), Y through cadmium (Cd), lanthanum through mercury, actinium through copernicium (Cn).
  13. Transuranics - neptunium (Np) through roentgenium (Rg) and copernicium (Cn).
An uncommon slabbed and polished specimen of lustrous, metallic, elemental native iron in basalt from Germany. Credit: Robert Lavinsky.

For this lecture, the transition metals are limited to those minerals containing significant quantities of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).

Manganeses edit

 
The pure manganese end member of this Fe-Mn phase diagram shows the higher temperature Mn phases. Credit: A. Rabinkin.

If native manganese occurs on Earth or nearby Solar System bodies, it likely occurs as bcc α-Mn.

"Beta manganese has a cubic crystal structure with space group P4132 [1]. The unit cell contains 20 atoms, divided between two non-equivalent sites."[1]

"The structures of γ- and δ-manganese are found to be face-centred cubic and body-centred cubic respectively."[2]

Irons edit

 
This piece from the Khungtukun Massif, Malaya Romanikha River, Khatanga, Taimyr Peninsula, Taymyrskiy Autonomous Okrug, Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia, displays inclusions of native iron. Credit: Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.
 
This diagram shows most of the phases of pure iron. Credit: Daniele Pugliesi and Materialscientist.{{free media}}
 
The unary (temperature-pressure) iron phase diagram shows the epsilon phase of iron at extremely high pressure. Credit: His Manliness.{{free media}}

The polished piece on the right displays inclusions of native iron.

Iron occurs in several allotropes from α-Fe which has a body-centered cubic structure (bcc) at room temperature up to 910°C, γ-Fe which has a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure from 910°C to 1394°C, and δ-Fe (bcc) from 1394°C to 1538°C. Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) iron occurs at high pressures and temperatures as ε-Fe.

Antitaenites edit

Antitaenite is a meteoritic metal alloy mineral composed of iron and nickel, 20-40% Ni (and traces of other elements) that has a face centered cubic crystal structure, exists as a new mineral species occurring in both iron meteorites and in chondrites.[3] The pair of minerals antitaenite and taenite constitute the first example in nature of two minerals that have the same crystal structure (face centered cubic) and can have the same chemical composition (same proportions of Fe and Ni) - but differ in their electronic structures: taenite has a high magnetic moment whereas antitaenite has a low magnetic moment.[4] This difference arises from a high-magnetic-moment to low-magnetic-moment transition occurring in the Fe-Ni bi-metallic alloy series.[5]

Hematites edit

 
This is a hematite rose from the mineral collection of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, Germany. Credit: Katharina Surhoff.{{free media}}

Kamacites edit

 
Kamacite is from the Nantan (Nandan) iron meteorites, Nandan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Size: 4.8×3.0×2.8 cm. The Nantan irons, a witnessed fall in 1516, have a composition of 92.35% iron and 6.96% nickel. Credit: Robert M. Lavinsky.{{free media}}

Kamacite is an alloy of iron and nickel, which is only found on earth in meteorites, where the proportion iron:nickel is between 90:10 to 95:5; small quantities of other elements, such as cobalt or carbon may also be present, the mineral has a metallic luster, is gray and has no clear cleavage although the structure is isometric-hexoctahedral, density around 8 g/cm³ and hardness is 4 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, and sometimes called balkeneisen.

Taenites edit

Taenite (Fe,Ni) is a mineral found naturally on Earth mostly in iron meteorites, an alloy of iron and nickel, with nickel proportions of 20% up to 65%, one of four known Fe-Ni meteorite minerals: taenite, kamacite, tetrataenite, and antitaenite, is opaque with a metallic grayish to white color, isometric-hexoctahedral, density around 8 g/cm³ and hardness 5 to 5.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, magnetic, c≈a= 3.582 ± 0.002 Å.[6] The Strunz classification is I/A.08-20, while the Dana classification is 1.1.11.2, a Hexoctahedral (cubic) structure.

Tetrataenites edit

Tetrataenite is a native metal found in meteorites with the composition FeNi, one of the mineral phases found in meteoric iron.[7][8][9]

Cobalts edit

 
This is a scanning electron micrograph of native cobalt from the Luna 24 landing site, Mare Crisium, The Moon. Credit: Pavel M. Kartashov, Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.

Cobalt has a hexagonal close-packed structure (hcp) until about 450°C when a fcc structure begins to appear.

On the right is a scanning electron micrograph of native cobalt from the Luna 24 landing site, Mare Crisium, The Moon.

Nickels edit

 
This is a polished slice of niccolite with witherite (white). Credit: AnemoneProjectors.{{free media}}

Niccolite has the chemical formula NiAs.[10]

Coppers edit

 
A large, sculptural specimen of penny-bright copper is from Arizona. Credit: Robert Lavinsky.{{free media}}

The most advantageous form for copper is native copper.

On the right is a large, sculptural specimen of penny-bright copper from Arizona.

Cuprites edit

 
These highly lustrous deep red cuprite crystals are up to 1 cm in length. Credit: Key's Mineral Collection.

Cuprite (Cu2O) is an oxide of copper that is 66.7 at % copper. It occurs "often as an important ore mineral, in the oxidized zone of copper deposits."[10]

It is a cubic mineral of space group Pn3m with Z=2 (two formula or molecular units per unit cell.

Zincs edit

 
Smithsonite sample is from locality: Kelley Mine, Soccorro County, New Mexico - Mineral Specimens C\01645. Credit: Bureau of Mines.{{free media}}

Smithsonite has the chemical formula ZnCO
3.[10]

Hypotheses edit

Main article: Hypotheses
  1. Transition metals are the border between fissionable and fusionable elements.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ↑ J.B. Dunlop; J.M. Williams; J. Crangle (January-March 1977). "119Sn Mössbauer and neutron diffraction investigation of β Mn-Sn solid solutions". Physica B+C 86-88: 269-71. doi:10.1016/0378-4363(77)90310-2. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378436377903102. Retrieved 2015-08-19. 
  2. ↑ Z. S. Basinski; J. W. Christian (20 May 1954). "A Pressurized High-Temperature Debye-Scherrer Camera, and Its Use to Determine the Structures and Coefficients of Expansion of γ- and δ-manganese". The Royal Society Proceedings A 223 (1155): 554. doi:10.1098/rspa.1954.0136. http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/223/1155/554.short. Retrieved 2015-08-19. 
  3. ↑ D.G. Rancourt and R.B. Scorzelli. Low Spin γ-Fe-Ni (γLS) Proposed as a New Mineral in Fe-Ni-Bearing Meteorites: Epitaxial Intergrowth of γLS and Tetrataenite as Possible Equilibrium State at ~20-40 at % Ni. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 150 (1995) 30-36
  4. ↑ D.G. Rancourt, K. Lagarec, A. Densmore, R.A. Dunlap, J.I. Goldstein, R.J. Reisener, and R.B. Scorzelli. Experimental Proof of the Distinct Electronic Structure of a New Meteoritic Fe-Ni Alloy Phase. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 191 (1999) L255-L260
  5. ↑ K. Lagarec, D.G. Rancourt, S.K. Bose, B. Sanyal, and R.A. Dunlap. Observation of a composition-controlled high-moment/low-moment transition in the face centered cubic Fe-Ni system: Invar effect is an expansion, not a contraction. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 236 (2001) 107-130.
  6. ↑ Albertsen, F.; Knudsen, J. M.; Jensen, G. B. (Jun). "Structure of taenite in two iron meteorites J.". Nature 273 (5662): 453–454. doi:10.1038/273453a0. 
  7. ↑ "Tetrataenite". webmineral.com.
  8. ↑ Mindat.org - Tetrataenite
  9. ↑ Handbook of Mineralogy - Tetrataenite
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Willard Lincoln Roberts; George Robert Rapp Jr.; Julius Weber (1974). Encyclopedia of Minerals. New York, New York, USA: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. pp. 121-2. ISBN 0-442-26820-3. 

External links edit

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